Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• 1 Introduction to speech
• Introduction
• Sounds and symbols
• Transcribing sounds
• Types of transcription
• Syllables
• Segments: vowels and consonants
• Suprasegmentals
• Speech as an acoustic signal
• Writing systems
• The relationship between speech and writing
• Problems with syllables and segments
• Chapter summary
• Exercises
• Further reading
• 2 Voice
• Introduction
• The larynx
• Vocal folds
• Voiced and voiceless sounds
• Observing vocal fold vibration
• Voicing in languages
• Whisper
• Aperiodic waves
• Chapter summary
• Exercises
• Further reading
• 3 Place of articulation
• Introduction
• A brief tour of the vocal tract
• Articulation
• Place
• Complex articulations
• Homorganic sounds
• Instrumental techniques
• Places of articulation used in languages of the world
• Chapter summary
• Exercises
• Further reading
• 4 Manner of articulation
• Introduction
• Airflow, pressure, turbulence
• Degree of stricture: obstruent and sonorant
• Stops: oral and nasal, plosive and affricate
• Fricatives: median and lateral
• Approximants: median and lateral
• Taps, flaps and trills
• Voice, place, manner labels
• Use of manners of articulation in the world’s languages
• Chapter summary
• Exercises
• Further reading
• 5 Vowels
• Introduction
• Spectrum and resonance
• Vowel articulation
• Long and short vowels
• Oral and nasalised vowels
• Monophthong vs diphthong
• The vowel quadrilateral
• Cardinal vowels
• Vowel systems
• Vowel instability and variability
• Chapter summary
• Exercises
• Further reading
• 6 Voice II
• Introduction
• Voice Onset Time
• Aspiration
• Devoicing
• Phonation type
• Chapter summary
• Exercises
• Further reading
• 7 Airstream mechanisms
• Introduction
• Airstream generatio
• Ejectives
• Implosives
• Clicks
• Chapter summary
• Exercises
• Further reading
• 8 Speech sounds and speech movements
• Introduction
• Primary and secondary articulation
• The linguistic use of secondary articulation
• Coarticulation
• Acoustic and physiological data
• Chapter summary
• Exercises
• Further reading
• 9 Basic phonological concepts
• Contrast
• Minimal pair
• Environment and distribution
• Alternation
• Phonological processes
• Features
• Underlying and surface forms
• Phonological rules
• The syllable
• Phonotactics
• Chapter summary
• Exercises
• Further reading
• 10 Suprasegmentals
• Introduction
• Fundamental frequency and pitch
• Stress
• Rhythm
• Lexical tone
• Intonation
• Paralinguistic features
• Chapter summary
• Exercises
• Further reading
• 11 Speaker and hearer
• Introduction
• The hearing mechanism
• Visual cues
• Speech perception tests
• Cue redundancy
• Speech development
• Hearing impairments
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• Glossary
• Solutions to the exercises
• Index