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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• Audiences
• Unique Features
• New to This Edition
• Notes to the Instructor
• Acknowledgments
• Part I: Managing the Literature Search
• 1 Writing Reviews of Academic Literature: An Overview
• An Introduction to Reviewing Primary Sources
• Empirical Research Reports
• Theoretical Articles
• Literature Review Articles
• Anecdotal Reports
• Reports on Professional Practices and Standards
• The Writing Process
• Finding Your ‘Writer’s Voice’: Writing for a Specific Purpose
• Writing a Literature Review as a Term Paper for a Class
• Writing a Literature Review Chapter for a Thesis or Dissertation
• Writing a Literature Review for a Research Article
• The Parts of this Text
• Managing the Literature Search: Part I
• Analyzing the Relevant Literature: Part II
• Writing the First Draft of Your Literature Review: Part III
• Editing and Preparing the Final Draft of Your Review: Part IV
• Activities for Chapter 1
• Notes
• 2 Learn to Navigate the Electronic Resources in Your University’s Library
• Step 1: Formalize Your Institutional Affiliation with Your University Library
• Step 2: Set Up Your Online Access Credentials and/or Proxy Server
• Step 3: Inquire about University Library Research Workshops
• Step 4: Select a Search Engine that Best Suits Your Needs
• Step 5: Familiarize Yourself with How Online Databases Function
• Step 6: Experiment with the “Advanced search” Feature
• Step 7: Identify an Array of Subject Keywords to Locate Your Sources
• Step 8: Learn How You Can Access the Articles You Choose
• Step 9: Identify Additional Databases that May Be Useful for Your Field of Study
• Step 10: Repeat the Search Procedures with Other Databases
• Activities for Chapter 2
• Note
• 3 Selecting a Topic for Your Review
• Step 1: Define Your General Topic
• Step 2: Familiarize Yourself with the Basic Organization of Your Selected Online Database
• Step 3: Begin Your Search with a General Keyword, then Limit the Output
• Step 4: Identify Narrower Topic Areas If Your Initial List of Search Results Is Too Long
• Step 5: Increase the Size of Your Reference List, if Necessary
• Step 6: Consider Searching for Unpublished Studies
• Step 7: Start with the Most Current Research, and Work Backward
• Step 8: Search for Theoretical Articles on Your Topic
• Step 9: Look for Review Articles
• Step 10: Identify the Landmark or Classic Studies and Theorists
• Step 11: Assemble the Collection of Sources You Plan to Include in Your Review
• Step 12: Write the First Draft of Your Topic Statement
• Step 13: Redefine Your Topic More Narrowly
• Step 14: Ask for Feedback from Your Instructor or Advisor
• Activities for Chapter 3
• Notes
• 4 Organizing Yourself to Begin the Selection of Relevant Titles
• Step 1: Scan the Articles to Get an Overview of Each One
• Step 2: Based on Your Prereading of the Articles, Group Them by Category
• Step 3: Conduct a More Focused Literature Search if Gaps Appear
• Step 4: Organize Yourself before Reading the Articles
• Step 5: Create a Spreadsheet or Table to Compile Your Notes
• Step 6: Remain Flexible as You Compile Your Notes
• Step 7: Take Extra Care When Copying an Author’s Exact Words
• Activities for Chapter 4
• Notes
• Part II: Analyzing the Relevant Literature
• 5 Conduct a Deep Analysis of the Articles
• Guideline 1: Look for Explicit Definitions of Key Terms in the Literature
• Guideline 2: Look for Key Statistics to Use near the Beginning of Your Literature Review
• Guideline 3: Pay Special Attention to Review Articles on Your Topic
• Guideline 4: Make Note of Short but Important Quotations that Could Be Used Very Sparingly in Your Review
• Guideline 5: Look for Methodological Strengths
• Guideline 6: Look for Methodological Weaknesses
• Guideline 7: Distinguish between Assertion and Evidence
• Guideline 8: Identify the Major Trends or Patterns in the Results of Previous Studies
• Guideline 9: Identify Gaps in the Literature
• Guideline 10: Identify Relationships among Studies
• Guideline 11: Note How Closely Each Article Relates to Your Topic
• Guideline 12: Evaluate Your Reference List for Currency and for Coverage
• Guideline 13: Do Your Best to Mitigate Selection Bias
• Activities for Chapter 5
• Notes
• 6 Analyzing Quantitative Research Literature
• Guideline 1: Note Whether the Research Is Quantitative or Qualitative
• Guideline 2: Note Whether a Study Is Experimental or Nonexperimental
• Guideline 3: In an Experiment, Note Whether the Participants Were Assigned at Random to Treatment Conditions
• Guideline 4: Note Attempts to Examine Cause-and-Effect Issues in Nonexperimental Studies
• Guideline 5: Consider the Test-Retest Reliability of the Measure
• Guideline 6: Consider the Internal Consistency Reliability of the Measure
• Guideline 7: Consider the Validity of the Measure
• Guideline 8: Consider Whether a Measure Is Valid For a Particular Research Purpose
• Guideline 9: Note Differences in How a Variable Is Measured Across Studies
• Guideline 10: Note How the Participants Were Sampled
• Guideline 11: Make Notes on the Demographics of the Participants
• Guideline 12: Note How Large a Difference Is—Not Just Whether It Is Statistically Significant
• Guideline 13: Presume That All Quantitative Studies Are Flawed
• Concluding Comment
• Activities for Chapter 6
• Notes
• 7 Analyzing Qualitative Research Literature
• Guideline 1: Note Whether the Research Was Conducted By an Individual or By a Research Team
• Guideline 2: When There Is a Research Team, Note Whether Analysis of the Data Was Initially Conducted Independently
• Guideline 3: Note Whether Outside Experts Were Consulted
• Guideline 4: Note Whether the Participants Were Consulted on the Interpretation of the Data
• Guideline 5: Note Whether the Researchers Used a Purposive Sample or a Sample of Convenience
• Guideline 6: Note Whether the Demographics of the Participants Are Described
• Guideline 7: Consider Whether the Method of Qualitative Analysis Is Described in Sufficient Detail
• Guideline 8: Note Whether Quantities Are Provided When Qualitative Researchers Discuss Quantitative Matters
• Concluding Comment
• Activities for Chapter 7
• Notes
• 8 Organizing Your Notes by Grouping the Results of Your Analysis
• Guideline 1: Consider Building a Table of Definitions
• Guideline 2: Consider Building a Table of Research Methods
• Guideline 3: Consider Including a Summary of Research Results in the Methods Table
• Guideline 4: When There Is Much Literature on a Topic, Establish Criteria for Determining Which Literature to Summarize in a Table
• Guideline 5: When There Is Much Literature on a Topic, Consider Other Options to Summarize It
• Guideline 6: Present Tables or Figures in a Literature Review Only for Complex Material
• Guideline 7: Discuss Each Table or Chart Included in a Literature Review
• Guideline 8: Give Each Table or Figure a Number and Descriptive Title
• Guideline 9: Insert Continued When Tables Split Across Pages
• Activities for Chapter 8
• Notes
• Part III: Writing the First Draft of Your Literature Review
• 9 Synthesizing Trends and Patterns: Preparing to Write
• Guideline 1: Consider Your Purpose and Voice before Beginning to Write
• Guideline 2: Consider How to Reassemble Your Notes
• Guideline 3: Create a Topic Outline That Traces Your Argument
• Guideline 4: Reorganize Your Notes According to the Path of Your Argument
• Guideline 5: Within Each Topic Heading, Note Differences among Studies
• Guideline 6: Within Each Topic Heading, Look for Obvious Gaps or Areas Needing Additional Research
• Guideline 7: Plan to Briefly Describe Relevant Theories
• Guideline 8: Plan to Discuss How Individual Studies Relate to and Advance Theory
• Guideline 9: Plan to Summarize Periodically and Again near the End of the Review
• Guideline 10: Plan to Present Conclusions and Implications
• Guideline 11: Plan to Suggest Specific Directions for Future Research near the End of the Review
• Guideline 12: Flesh out Your Outline with Details from Your Analysis
• Activities for Chapter 9
• Notes
• 10 Guidelines for Writing a First Draft
• Guideline 1: Sit Down and Write
• Guideline 2: Begin by Identifying the Broad Problem Area, but Avoid Global Statements
• Guideline 3: Early in the Review, Indicate Why the Topic Being Reviewed Is Important
• Guideline 4: Distinguish Between Research Findings and Other Sources of Information
• Guideline 5: Indicate Why Certain Studies Are Important
• Guideline 6: If You Are Commenting on the Timeliness of a Topic, Be Specific in Describing the Time Frame
• Guideline 7: If Citing a Classic or Landmark Study, Identify It as Such
• Guideline 8: If a Landmark Study Was Replicated, Mention That and Indicate the Results of the Replication
• Guideline 9: Discuss Other Literature Reviews on Your Topic
• Guideline 10: Describe Your Reasons for Choosing Not to Discuss a Particular Issue
• Guideline 11: Justify Comments Such As “No Studies Were Found”
• Guideline 12: Avoid Long Lists of Nonspecific References
• Guideline 13: If the Results of Previous Studies Are Inconsistent or Widely Varying, Cite Them Separately
• Guideline 14: Speculate on the Reasons for Inconsistent Findings in Previous Research
• Guideline 15: Cite All Relevant References in the Review Section of a Thesis, Dissertation, or Journal Article
• Guideline 16: Emphasize the Need for Your Study in the Literature Review Section or Chapter
• Activities for Chapter 10
• Notes
• 11 Guidelines for Developing a Coherent Essay
• Guideline 1: If Your Review Is Long, Provide an Overview near the Beginning of the Review
• Guideline 2: Near the Beginning of a Review, State Explicitly What Will and Will Not Be Covered
• Guideline 3: Specify Your Point of View Early in the Review
• Guideline 4: Aim for a Clear and Cohesive Essay and Avoid Annotations
• Guideline 5: Use Subheadings, Especially in Long Reviews
• Guideline 6: Use Transitions to Help Trace Your Argument
• Guideline 7: If Your Topic Spans Two or More Disciplines, Consider Reviewing Studies from Each Discipline Separately
• Guideline 8: Write a Conclusion for the End of the Review
• Guideline 9: Check the Flow of Your Argument for Coherence
• Activities for Chapter 11
• Notes
• Part IV: Editing and Preparing the Final Draft of Your Review
• 12 Guidelines for Editing Your Review and Incorporating Feedback
• Guideline 1: The Reader Is Always Right
• Guideline 2: Expect Your Instructor to Comment on the Content
• Guideline 3: Concentrate First on Comments about Your Ideas
• Guideline 4: Reconcile Contradictory Feedback by Seeking Clarification
• Guideline 5: Reconcile Comments about Style with Your Style Manual
• Guideline 6: Allow Sufficient Time for the Feedback and Redrafting Process
• Guideline 7: Compare Your Draft with Your Topic Outline
• Guideline 8: Check the Structure of Your Review for Parallelism
• Guideline 9: Avoid Overusing Direct Quotations, Especially Long Ones
• Guideline 10: Avoid Using Synonyms for Recurring Words
• Guideline 11: Spell Out All Acronyms When You First Use Them, and Avoid Using Too Many
• Guideline 12: Avoid the Use of Contractions—They Are Inappropriate in Formal Academic Writing
• Guideline 13: When Used, Coined Terms Should Be Set Off by Quotations
• Guideline 14: Avoid Slang Expressions, Colloquialisms, and Idioms
• Guideline 15: Use Latin Abbreviations in Parenthetic Material—Elsewhere, Use English Translations
• Guideline 16: Check Your Draft for Common Writing Conventions
• Guideline 17: Write a Concise and Descriptive Title for the Review
• Guideline 18: Strive for a User-friendly Draft
• Guideline 19: Make Sure That You Have Enclosed in Quotation Marks and/or Cited All Words and Ideas That Are Not Your Own
• Guideline 20: Use Great Care to Avoid Plagiarism
• Guideline 21: Get Help If You Need It
• Activities for Chapter 12
• Notes
• 13 Preparing a Reference List
• Guideline 1: Consider Using Bibliographic Software to Help Manage the Details of Your References
• Guideline 2: Place the Reference List at the End of the Review under the Main Heading “References”
• Guideline 3: A Reference List Should Refer Only to Sources Cited in the Literature Review
• Guideline 4: List References Alphabetically by Author’s Surname
• Guideline 5: Double-Space All Entries
• Guideline 6: Use Hanging Indents for the Second and Subsequent Lines of References
• Guideline 7: Italicize the Titles of Journals and Their Volume Numbers
• Guideline 8: Pay Particular Attention to Capitalization
• Guideline 9: Pay Particular Attention to Punctuation
• Guideline 10: Do Not Add Extraneous Material Such as Abbreviations for Page Numbers
• Guideline 11: Journal Articles Accessed through Online Database Repositories Should Be Cited as if They Were Accessed in their Print Form
• Guideline 12: Provide the Date and URL in References for Material Published Online
• Guideline 13: Format References to Books in Accordance with a Style Manual
• Guideline 14: If Using Online Bibliographic Tools, Make Sure That Generated Citations Are Listed in the Correct Format
• Guideline 15: Double-Check the Reference List against the Citations in the Body of the Review
• Concluding Comment
• Activities for Chapter 13
• Appendix A: Comprehensive Self-editing Checklist for Refining the Final Draft
• Appendix B: Sample Literature Reviews
• Index