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• Front Matter
• Dedication
• Preface
• About the Authors
• chapter one What Is Deviant Behavior?
• Chapter Objectives
• Introduction
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• Defining Deviance and Deviant Behavior
• Working Solution
• Faces of Deviance
• Figure 1.1 Is the graffiti in this photo a form of art and self-expression, or is it social deviance? In the beginning, graffiti was a form of expression that was not supported by mainstream culture; that is, defacing public property was not an acceptable art form, and anyone caught doing so was depicted as a deviant. It presently appears that many in society are now accepting graffiti as a form of art.
• Positivist Perspective
• Constructionist Perspective
• Deconstruction of Deviance
• Normative and Situational Perspectives
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• Positive Deviance
• Social Rules
• Social Controls
• Norms
• Socialization
• Sanctions
• Deviance as a Shifting Concept
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Utility of Deviant Behavior
• Politics and Deviance
• Behavior Assessment
• Undetected Deviance
• Tolerable and Acceptable
• Dimensions of Deviance
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Becker’s Types of Deviant Behavior
• Overview of Deviance Theories
• Are Deviants Different?
• Study of Deviance as a Separate Discipline
• Practicum
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• Summary
• Questions in Review
• Key Terms
• Organizations and Websites of Interest
• Endnotes
• chapter two Theoretical Explanations
• Chapter Objectives
• Free Will or Lack of Free Will
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• Free Will Concept of the Classical School
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• Lack of Free Will
• Social Determinism
• Rational Choice Explanations
• Social Control Theories
• Social Disorganization
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Figure 2.1 The University of Chicago in 1901. The university produced many of the theorists that developed the disciplines of deviant behavior and criminology.
• Concentric Zone Theory
• Cultural Transmission Theory
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• Symbolic Interactionism
• Differential Association
• Differential Association Reinforcement Theory
• Strain Theories
• Robert Merton
• Figure 2.2 Robert Merton’s typology of deviant behavior.
• Biological Explanations
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• Body Type Theories
• Chromosomal Abnormality
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Psychological Explanations
• Intelligence
• Personality
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Impulse Control Disorder
• Aggression
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Routine Activity
• Practicum
• Summary
• Questions in Review
• Key Terms
• Endnotes
• chapter three Constructionist Approaches
• Chapter Objectives
• Constructionist Perspectives
• Labeling Theory
• Looking-Glass Self
• Frank Tannenbaum
• Figure 3.1 Photo of Frank Tannenbaum taken around 1915. Tannenbaum led the refinery workers in the Bayonne, New Jersey, refinery strikes of 1915–1916. The workers, mostly Polish Americans, struck Standard Oil of New Jersey and Tidewater Petroleum plants beginning in mid-July 1915.
• Edwin Lemert
• Howard Becker
• Erving Goffman
• David Matza
• Labeling Process in Nondeviant Behavior Situations
• Process of Labeling Behavior
• Critiques of Labeling Theory
• Modified Labeling Theory
• Hard and Soft Labeling
• Conflict and Critical Theories
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Karl Marx
• C. Wright Mills
• Alan Sears
• Critical Theories
• William Chambliss
• George Vold
• New Criminology
• Controlology
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Practicum
• Summary
• Questions in Review
• Endnotes
• chapter four Interpersonal Violence
• Chapter Objectives
• Introduction
• Violence
• Interpersonal Violence
• Figure 4.1 Diagram of interpersonal violence.
• Human Capital Approach
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Figure 4.2 This figure illustrates the percentages of violent victimization by the victim–offender relationship. Note that in only 38 percent of the cases the offender was a stranger.
• Homicide
• Criminal Homicide
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Murder
• Voluntary Manslaughter
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Involuntary Manslaughter
• Euthanasia
• Suicide
• Sexual Assault
• Rape
• Consent
• Rape Shield Laws
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Spousal Rape
• Stalking
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Hate Crimes
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Practicum
• Summary
• Questions in Review
• Key Terms
• Endnotes
• chapter five Self-Destructive Deviance
• Chapter Objectives
• Introduction
• Suicide
• Emile Durkheim
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Sociological Risk Factors
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Threatening to Commit Suicide
• Suicide Attempts
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Assisting a Person to Commit Suicide
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Preventing Suicide
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Theoretical Explanations of Suicide
• Durkheim
• Andrew Henry and James Short
• Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior
• Interpersonal Theory of Suicide
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
• Alcohol Abuse
• War on Drugs
• Figure 5.1 President Richard M. Nixon, who declared the war on drugs in 1971.
• Eating Disorders
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Anorexia Nervosa
• Bulimia Nervosa
• Eating Disorder Myths
• Self-Inflicted Violence
• Poor Personal Health Habits
• Smoking
• Is Sitting the New Smoking?
• Killing Ourselves
• Diverse Lifestyles
• Practicum
• Summary
• Questions in Review
• Key Terms
• Unacceptable Terms and Definitions
• Endnotes
• chapter six Family Violence and Deviance
• Chapter Objectives
• Introduction
• Figure 6.1 A 1909 photo of an 11-year-old boy who had been selling newspapers since he was 7 years old. He sold until 10:00 p.m. each day. His paper boss reported that the boy had shown him the marks on his arm where his father had bitten him for not selling more papers.
• Relationship Violence
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Myths About Family Violence
• Figure 6.2 An 1891 photo shows a child huddled on a door stoop in New York City wearing ragged clothing.
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Intimate Partner Violence
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Why Is Family Violence So Common?
• Who Are the Victims of Family Violence?
• Figure 6.3 Victim–offender relationships in domestic violence victimizations, by victim’s sex, 2003–2012.
• What About the Batterer?
• Why Batter?
• Dating Violence
• What Causes Family Violence?
• Intergenerational Transmission of Violence
• Social Stress
• Strain Theories
• Power
• Marital Dependency
• Alcohol
• Marriage
• Self-Control
• Social Learning Theory
• Feminist Theory
• Subculture of Violence
• Psychopathological Theory
• Sociocultural Model of Family Violence
• Exchange Theory
• Parent Abuse
• Law Enforcement Response to Family Violence
• Civil Protective Orders
• Who Can Get a CPO?
• Problem With CPOs
• Mandatory Arrests
• The Duty of Law Enforcement to Come to the Rescue
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Practicum
• Summary
• Questions in Review
• Key Terms
• Endnotes
• chapter seven Social Inequality and Deviance Issues
• Chapter Objectives
• Introduction
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Equality for Women
• Figure 7.1 A commemorative print marking the enactment of the 15th Amendment on March 30, 1870, giving women the right to vote. The artist was James Carter Beard.
• Racial Equality
• Figure 7.2 A 1939 picture of Senator Allen J. Ellender, Democrat of Louisiana, chairman of the Special Senate Committee, investigating charges of favoritism in the promotion of feminine workers in government service. Principal charges were that the beauties were being promoted, regardless of their ability, over the heads of their homelier co-workers.
• Economic Inequality
• Figure 7.3 A 1946 photo of African Americans marching near the Capitol building in Washington, DC, to protest the lynching of four African Americans in Georgia.
• Figure 7.4 The growing inequality in the United States from 1970 to 2007. It appears that this inequality continues to increase.
• Economics of Unauthorized Migration
• Inequality and Law Enforcement
• Inequality and Crime
• Crime and Incarceration in the United States
• Income and Crime
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Structured Inequality
• Behavior of Law
• Summary
• Questions in Review
• Key Terms
• Endnotes
• chapter eight Physical and Mental Differences as Deviance
• Chapter Objectives
• Introduction
• Stigma
• Stereotype Threat
• Physical Appearance
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Tattoos
• Prison Tattoos
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Physical Disability
• Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990
• Individuals With Disabilities Education Act
• Fair Housing Act
• Air Carrier Access Act
• The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
• Mental Illness
• Genetics
• Biology
• Other Conditions
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)
• Narcissism
• Schizophrenia
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
• Long-Term Crisis Reaction
• Developmental Disability
• Insanity
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• Legal Tests for Insanity
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Diminished Responsibility
• Intoxication
• Practicum
• Summary
• Questions in Review
• Key Terms
• Endnotes
• chapter nine Business and Organized Crime
• Chapter Objectives
• Introduction
• White-Collar Crimes
• Edwin H. Sutherland
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Theories on Causation
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Organizational Needs
• Routine Activity Theory
• Situational Crime Prevention Theory
• Structural Dimensions of Opportunity
• Money Laundering
• Insider Trading
• Punishment for White-Collar or Business Crime Offenses
• Organized Crime
• Criminal Gangs and Drug Cartels
• Criminal Gangs
• Drug Cartels
• Mafia
• Sicilian Mafia
• Figure 9.1 The village of Corleone seems peaceful, as noted in this picture, despite its history of violence.
• Figure 9.2 Bust of Judge Paolo Borsellino (January 19, 1940–July 19, 1992) in the anti-Mafia museum located in Corleone, Sicily. The judge was an Italian anti-Mafia magistrate. He was killed by a Mafia car bomb in July 1992.
• American Mafia
• Practicum
• Summary
• Questions in Review
• Key Terms
• Endnotes
• chapter ten Governmental Deviance
• Chapter Objectives
• Introduction
• Bribery and Illegal Gratuity
• Elements of Bribery and Illegal Gratuities
• Public Official or Witness
• Value
• Official Act Requirement
• Prosecution and Informant Agreements
• Intent
• Intent Required to Establish Bribery
• Intent in Illegal Gratuity Offenses
• Criminal Conflict of Interest
• Acts Affecting Financial Interest
• Illegal Outside Salaries for Federal Employees
• Honest Services Fraud
• Election Deviance
• Explanation of Governmental Deviance
• Law Enforcement Deviance
• Environmental Crime
• Summary
• Figure 10.1 Environmental Protection Agency photo showing a million-gallon reservoir, facing east-southeast. Nevada Test Site, Environmental Protection Agency Farm, Area 15, Yucca Flat, 10-2 Road near Circle Road, Mercury, Nye County, Nevada. The area was polluted because of Yucca Flats bomb testing.
• Questions in Review
• Key Terms
• Endnotes
• chapter eleven Cybercrimes
• Chapter Objectives
• Introduction
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• Extent of the Problem
• Common Cybercrime Fraud Schemes
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Tips for Avoiding Internet Auction Fraud
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• Figure 11.1 This picture of Carlos Enrique Perez-Melara was used on the wanted poster issued by the FBI.
• Tips for Avoiding Nondelivery of Merchandise
• Tips for Avoiding Credit Card Fraud
• Tips for Avoiding Investment Fraud
• Tips for Avoiding Business Fraud
• Extortion
• Nigerian Letter or 419 Fraud
• Tips for Avoiding the Nigerian Letter or 419 Fraud
• Causation
• Preventing Cybercrime
• Prosecution by CCIPS
• Computer-Related Criminal Statutes
• Cyberbullying
• Cyberbullying Signs
• Tips to Overcome Cyberbullying
• Summary
• Questions in Review
• Key Terms
• Endnotes
• chapter twelve Human Trafficking and Commercial Sex
• Chapter Objectives
• Human Trafficking
• What Constitutes Slavery?
• Where Does Trafficking Take Place?
• Who Are the Victims?
• Antislavery Legislation
• Indications of Trafficking
• FOCUS ON PEOPLE
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Sex Trafficking
• Victims of Sex Trafficking
• Types of Sex Trafficking
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• SOCIETY IN ACTION
• Prostitution
• Why Do People Engage in Prostitution?
• Customers of Prostitution
• Summary
• Questions in Review
• Key Terms
• Endnotes
• chapter thirteen Unconventional Beliefs and Behaviors
• Chapter Objectives
• Introduction
• Social Belief Systems
• Deviant Drinking Behavior
• Workplace Deviance
• Computer and Internet Addiction
• Who Becomes Addicted?
• The Addiction Process
• Diagnostic Criteria
• Paranormal
• Abnormal Religious Practices
• Summary
• Questions in Review
• Key Terms
• Endnotes
• Back Matter
• Index