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• Cover Page
• Half Title page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Figures
• Tables
• Preface and user guide
• Acknowledgements
• Part I Data collection
• 1 Finding a topic
• Formulating a research topic
• Career
• Idea
• Observation (‘Not found here’)
• Assessing conflicting claims
• Testing theory
• Further research: jumping to conclusions
• Motivating your research topic
• Drawing up a research plan
• Exercises
• Exercise 1 – finding a topic and motivating it
• Exercise 2 – finding a topic based on observation and/or theory
• Quantitative analysis
• Qualitative analysis
• Rugby training sessions
• Exercise 3 – identifying further research options
• Exercise 4 – identifying further research options
• References
• Further reading
• 2 Sample design and the envelope of variation
• What exactly am I looking at?
• Defining variables and variants
• Defining the envelope of variation
• How much data do I need?
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• References
• Further reading
• 3 Ethics and archiving
• Informed consent when recording
• Useful resources you can draw on
• Archiving and long-term storage
• Exercises
• Note
• References
• Further reading
• 4 Sampling techniques and gaining access to speakers
• Gaining access to speakers and entering the community
• Samples and sampling techniques
• Random sampling versus proportionate stratified random sampling
• Judgement sampling
• Social networks and communities of practice
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• Exercise 3
• References
• Further reading
• 5 Interviews as a source of data
• Why interview?
• What is an interview?
• Reading aloud
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• Exercise 3
• References
• Further reading
• 6 Naturally occurring, spontaneous speech as a source of data
• Recording spontaneous speech
• Ethnographic research
• What is ethnography and what kind of data does it collect?
• Goals of ethnographic work
• How to do ethnographic research
• What to observe
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• References
• Further reading
• 7 Corpora as a source of data
• What is a corpus?
• Why would I want to use a corpus?
• How do I use a corpus?
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• References
• Further reading
• 8 Written surveys and questionnaires as a source of data
• Questionnaires in sociolinguistics
• Limitations and opportunities
• Developing questionnaire items
• Questionnaire structure
• Testing, administering and processing questionnaires
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• Exercise 3
• References
• Further reading
• 9 Studying perceptions and attitudes
• Direct methods
• Indirect methods
• How it’s done
• Manipulation of variables
• Perceptual dialectology
• Collecting pre-existing speech or text
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• References
• Further reading
• Part II Data analysis
• 10 Transcription
• End goals: What are you transcribing for?
• Orthography and punctuation
• Transcribing gesture and eye gaze
• Good guidelines: Systematising your transcription
• Dodging ‘blowback’: How your transcript will be read
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• References
• Further reading
• 11 Identifying, coding and summarising your data
• The hunting of the variable
• Code once and code a lot
• Getting summary statistics
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Reported mimetic quote
• Reported linguistic quote
• Reported speech
• Reported thought
• References
• Further reading
• 12 Analysing your data
• Preliminaries
• Terminology
• Summarising a categorical dependent variable
• Summarising a continuous dependent variable
• Statistical significance
• Testing a categorical dependent variable for statistical significance
• Testing a continuous dependent variable for statistical significance
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• References
• Further reading
• 13 Presenting your data
• What should a graph do?
• Clarity
• Honesty
• Eliminating redundancy
• Now that you know what not to do…
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• References
• Further reading
• 14 Analysing multiple independent variables
• Cross-tabulating two independent variables to check for interactions
• Graphing your cross-tabulation
• Checking your cross-tabulation for significance
• Multivariate analysis
• Why should we use multivariate analysis?
• What does multivariate analysis tell us, and how does it do so?
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• References
• Further reading
• 15 Mixing qualitative and quantitative analysis
• A word on terminology
• Combining quantitative and qualitative: Learning by example
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• References
• Further reading
• 16 Writing up your research
• What is a research paper?
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion and conclusion
• Reference list and appendix
• Revise, edit, choose a title and write an abstract
• Exercises
• Exercise 1
• Exercise 2
• References
• References
• Further reading
• Index