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• Front Matter
• Introduction
• Why is public health important?
• Defining and understanding ‘public health’
• How this book is organised
• References
• About the authors
• Acknowledgements
• Reviewers
• Section 1
• History and definitions of public health
• Chapter 1 Defining health and public health
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• Defining health and ill health
• Activity 1.1 Defining ‘health’
• Reflection 1.1
• Health and illness
• General public definitions of ‘health’
• A critical perspective
• TABLE 1.1 Contemporary definitions of ‘health’
• Defining ‘public health’: an art and a science?
• Case Study 1.1 A typical morning
• Activity 1.2 Daily life and public health
• Reflection 1.2
• Public health vision and values
• Activity 1.3 Future focus of public health
• Reflection 1.3
• Core functions of public health
• TABLE 1.2 Core functions for public health
• What do public health practitioners do?
• Box 1.1 Roles and Functions for the Public Health Workforce
• Activity 1.4 What do you think public health workers do?
• The World Health Organization agenda for public health
• Box 1.2 Who’s Six-Point Action Plan
• Box 1.3 Five Key Action Areas for the Commission on Social Determinants of Health
• Public health in the Australian context
• Australian Government Department of Health
• Box 1.4 Role of the Population Health Division, Australian Government Department of Health
• Activity 1.5 Advancing public health—the Australian perspective
• Box 1.5 State/Territory Government Functions
• Reflection 1.5
• State and territory governments
• Local government
• Activity 1.6 Health in the public arena
• Public health issues in the daily press
• Non-government organisations, community organisations, professional associations, and public health advocacy groups
• The future for public health?
• A final word
• Review Questions
• Useful websites
• References
• Chapter 2 History and development of public health
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• The importance of the past in public health
• Advancing population health—individual intervention or collective action?
• For the sake of the public’s health? The ancient history of public health
• Changing definitions of ‘disease’
• The colonial era: colonisation and health
• Colonisation and health, and a maturing Australia
• Box 2.1 Differences between the british state and the australian colony
• A general history of public health: evolution and influences
• TABLE 2.1 Six major influences on the development of public health in Australia
• TABLE 2.2 Phases in the history of public health
• Activity 2.1 Provision of basic environmental and sanitary structures
• Reflection 2.1
• Environment protection
• Individualism and State involvement
• Activity 2.2 Population health programs at federal and local levels
• Therapeutic era
• Reflection 2.2
• Activity 2.3 Influences on individual health choices
• Reflection 2.3
• Contemporary notions: ecological public health
• FIG. 2.1 Contemporary public health movement.
• FIG. 2.2 The relationship between ecology, society and economy.
• Applying the models
• Case Study 2.1 Alice, a homeless woman
• Activity 2.4 Public health interventions
• Reflection 2.4
• A final word
• Review Questions
• References
• Chapter 3 Contemporary public health policy
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• What is ‘policy’?
• Stages of the policy process
• Box 3.1 Stages of the Policy Process
• Activity 3.1 Government health policy initiatives
• Reflection 3.1
• Case Study 3.1 Breast and cervical cancer screening
• Case Study 3.2 Needle and syringe programs
• Activity 3.2 Values underpinning national public health policies
• Reflection 3.2
• Types of public policy
• Distributive policies
• Regulatory policies
• Self-regulatory policies
• Redistributive policies
• Activity 3.3 Types of public health policy
• Reflection 3.3
• What is policy for?
• Politics and policy
• Health economics
• International developments and their impact on contemporary health policies
• Case Study 3.3 The UN’s Global Fund
• Activity 3.4 The WHO and Australian public health policies
• Reflection 3.4
• Health policy and the Australian healthcare system
• FIG. 3.1 Proportions of recurrent health expenditure, current prices, by area of expenditure, 2011–12, expressed as a percentageNote: Components do not add to exactly 100% due to rounding.
• Activity 3.5 Other important features of Australia’s healthcare system
• Reflection 3.5
• Management and reform of healthcare
• Activity 3.6 Super clinics
• Reflection 3.6
• National public health priorities—an evolving agenda
• Activity 3.7 Unified approaches to health policy
• Reflection 3.7
• The National HIV/AIDS Strategy
• The National Chronic Disease Strategy
• Activity 3.8 Priorities and issues of interest
• Reflection 3.8
• Case Study 3.4 Oral health in Queensland
• The role of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
• A final word
• Review Questions
• Endnotes
• Useful websites
• References
• Chapter 4 Public health and social policy
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• Activity 4.1 Unemployment
• Reflection 4.1
• Health policy: a key foundation of the welfare state
• Health policy, social justice and risk
• Activity 4.2 Definitions of ‘health’
• Reflection 4.2
• FIG. 4.1 Public social expenditure as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP).
• Case Study 4.1 Joined-up problems need joined-up solutions
• Activity 4.3 Interconnected problems
• Reflection 4.3
• Activity 4.4 Influence of lobbies
• Reflection 4.4
• History of Australian health policy—policy design and funding arrangements
• Disability, Indigenous health and equity considerations
• Social determinants of health and environmental health discourses
• A final word
• Review Questions
• Useful websites
• References
• Section 2
• Determinants of health
• Introduction
• References
• Chapter 5 Epidemiology
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• Defining epidemiology
• Objectives of epidemiological studies
• Activity 5.1 Application of epidemiology to public health issues
• Reflection 5.1
• Measuring the occurrence of exposures of interest and of health outcomes
• Case Study 5.1 Measuring exposure and outcome
• Case Study 5.2 Counting and reporting cases
• Example 5.1 Calculating prevalence
• Case Study 5.3 When to use incidence rate
• Example 5.2 Incidence of hearing loss among workers in heavy industry
• Case Study 5.4 When comparative mortality rates can be misleading
• Epidemiological study design
• Observational epidemiology
• TABLE 5.1 Epidemiological study designs: advantages and disadvantages
• FIG. 5.1 Main types of epidemiological study design.
• Ecological studies
• Cross-sectional studies
• Activity 5.2 Inconsistencies between studies
• Reflection 5.2
• Case-control studies
• Case Study 5.5 Recall error and bias
• Cohort studies
• Case Study 5.6 A longitudinal cohort study
• Activity 5.3 Types of observational study
• Reflection 5.3
• Experimental epidemiology
• Randomised controlled trials
• Activity 5.4 Randomised controlled trials
• Case Study 5.7 RCT challenges
• Community trials
• Activity 5.5 Study designs
• Measures of association
• Reflection 5.5
• Relative risk
• TABLE 5.2 Two-by-two table
• TABLE 5.3 The relative risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality
• Odds ratios
• Sources of error in epidemiological studies
• Random error
• TABLE 5.4 Two-by-two table for a case-control study
• Activity 5.6 Issues around self-reporting
• Reflection 5.6
• Systematic error
• Selection bias
• Information bias
• Activity 5.7 Evaluating study results
• Reflection 5.7
• Confounding
• Case Study 5.8 Confounding factors
• FIG. 5.2 Diagram illustrating the relationship between: (a) exposure X, disease Y, and confounder A; (b) exposure X, disease Y, and non-confounding factor on causal path A.
• Why are confounding and error important to an epidemiologist?
• Activity 5.8 Alternative explanations
• Reflection 5.8
• Summing it up
• A final word
• Review Questions
• Acknowledgements
• Useful websites
• References
• Chapter 6 Biological and environmental determinants
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• A complex web of determinants
• TABLE 6.1 Determinants of health
• FIG. 6.1 Determinants of health.
• Activity 6.1 One Health
• Genetics and screening
• Activity 6.2 Issues with genetic information
• Activity 6.3 Diabetes
• Reflection 6.3
• Biological and behavioural determinants
• Biological determinants
• Behavioural determinants
• Activity 6.4 Health issues and lifestyle behaviours
• Reflection 6.4
• Tobacco
• Activity 6.5 Tobacco control
• Alcohol
• Activity 6.6 Alcohol consumption
• Injuries
• Activity 6.7 Driving campaign
• Mental Health
• Activity 6.8 National Mental Health Plan roadmap
• Diet and Physical Activity
• Activity 6.9 National Health Priority Areas and genetic and behavioural factors
• Reflection 6.9
• Environmental determinants
• FIG. 6.2 Human interaction with the environment.
• Human interaction with the environment
• Ecosystem services
• Ecosystem services and human wellbeing
• FIG. 6.3 Links between biodiversity, ecosystem services and human wellbeing.
• Activity 6.10 Ecosystems
• Environmental burden of disease
• Case Study 6.1 Ecosystem changes and human health impacts
• Reflection 6.10
• Activity 6.11 Environmental determinants
• Reflection 6.11
• Food Quality and Safety
• Water Quality
• Case Study 6.2 Hepatitis A and oysters
• Case Study 6.3 Water fluoridation
• Air Pollution
• Case Study 6.4 Health impacts of bushfires
• Built Environment
• Global Climate Change
• A final word
• Case Study 6.5 Sick building syndrome
• Review Questions
• Useful websites
• References
• Chapter 7 Social and emotional determinants of health
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• Socioeconomic determinants and the health inequalities jigsaw
• Activity 7.1 Social gradient of health
• Reflection 7.1
• Socioeconomic characteristics that influence health
• Education
• Activity 7.2 Education and health
• Reflection 7.2
• Income
• Activity 7.3 Income and health
• Work and employment status
• Reflection 7.3
• Activity 7.4 Workers’ health status
• Reflection 7.4
• Place or geographical location
• Activity 7.5 Contextual and compositional factors
• Reflection 7.5
• Gender
• Activity 7.6 Health profiles
• Reflection 7.6
• A public health framework to address the social determinants of health
• Reducing health inequalities
• FIG. 7.1 Socioeconomic determinants of health.
• Upstream Factors
• Midstream Factors
• Downstream Factors
• Activity 7.7 Influence of upstream, midstream and downstream policies
• Reflection 7.7
• Activity 7.8 Social and psychosocial determinants of health
• Case Study 7.1 Leila, a refugee
• Reflection 7.8
• Social and economic disadvantage and emotional health
• Activity 7.9 Social and economic disadvantage
• Reflection 7.9
• The lifecourse approach
• FIG. 7.2 Lifecourse framework.
• Activity 7.10 Lifecourse approach to health
• Reflection 7.10
• Role of social cohesion and social capital
• Social cohesion
• Social capital
• Activity 7.11 Social cohesion, social capital and health
• Reflection 7.11
• A final word
• Review Questions
• Endnotes
• Useful websites
• References
• Section 3
• Ethics, evidence and practice
• Introduction
• Reference
• Chapter 8 Ethics and public health
• Learning objectives
• ‘Integrity’.
• Introduction
• Activity 8.1 Ethical practice
• Reflection 8.1
• Ethical frameworks, theories and concepts
• Activity 8.2 Issues around quarantining
• Normative ethics in public health
• Reflection 8.2
• Themes and debates in the development of ethics in public health
• Public health law and human rights
• Applied ethics
• Codes of ethics
• Activity 8.3 Principles of ethical practice
• Reflection 8.3
• Activity 8.4 Application of research ethics to health work
• Reflection 8.4
• Activity 8.5 PSA Code of ethics
• Reflection 8.5
• The application of ethics in public health practice
• Public Health Research
• Case Study 8.1 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
• Activity 8.6 Issues arising from the Tuskegee Syphilis Study
• Reflection 8.6
• Anthropological Research
• Activity 8.7 Ethical issues arising from the Genographic Project
• Reflection 8.7
• Screening
• Activity 8.8 Screening issues
• Reflection 8.8
• Disease Control
• Activity 8.9 Population versus individual rights
• Reflection 8.9
• Social Networking for Public Health
• Health Promotion
• Activity 8.10 Privacy versus the public interest
• Reflection 8.10
• Advocacy
• Ethical Relativism
• Activity 8.11 Community perceptions of their health priorities
• Reflection 8.11
• Activity 8.12 Environmental determinants versus individual responsibility
• Contemporary and future public health ethics
• Reflection 8.12
• Activity 8.13 Cultural impacts on health
• Reflection 8.13
• A final word
• Review Questions
• Acknowledgement
• Endnote
• References
• Chapter 9 Evidence-based practice
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• The evolution: evidence-based medicine
• Box 9.1 The Cochrane Collaboration
• FIG. 9.1 Example of the development of clinical guideline standards.
• The nature of evidence, and key concepts of evidence-based practice
• Activity 9.1 Appraising the evidence
• The nature and scope of knowledge
• Reflection 9.1
• Activity 9.2 Evaluating evidence
• Reflection 9.2
• Key concepts of evidence-based practice
• Case Study 9.1 Dangers of ‘research utilisation’
• Reflection on Case Study 9.1
• What is ‘evidence-based practice’?
• Box 9.2 What Is an ‘Evidence-Based Practitioner’?
• Activity 9.3 Building a case for funding
• Reflection 9.3
• TABLE 9.1 Hierarchy of evidence
• TABLE 9.2 Systematic review process
• Putting evidence into practice
• Example 9.1 Advising on smoking cessation in pregnancy
• Example 9.2 Measuring glycated haemoglobin in diabetes management
• Example 9.3 Placing infants to sleep on their back to reduce the risk of SIDS
• Why is there a gap between research and practice?
• Case Study 9.2 Handwashing in hospitals
• Reflection for Case Study 9.2
• Example 9.4 Allison
• Example 9.5 Bianca
• Reflection for Examples 9.4 and 9.5
• Organisational structures
• Box 9.3 Models of Organisational Culture
• Mechanistic versus organic
• Role versus task
• Club
• Learning
• Finding the evidence
• TABLE 9.3 Techniques to overcome bias in research
• TABLE 9.4 Barriers to implementing evidence-based practice
• Evidence and policy development
• FIG. 9.2 Theoretical framework for transforming knowledge into policy actions.
• A final word
• Review Questions
• Useful websites
• References
• Chapter 10 Planning and evaluation
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• Planning and evaluation in public health
• Activity 10.1 Types of planning
• Reflection 10.1
• Models of planning
• Identifying needs and priorities
• Case Study 10.1 Defining food literacy and needs 2011
• Beginning your program plan
• Activity 10.2 Types of need
• Reflection 10.2
• Writing Goals and Objectives
• FIG. 10.1 Program logic model.
• Writing Strategies
• Identifying a Target Group
• IDENTIFYING RESOURCES—OR PROGRAM ‘INPUTS’
• Activity 10.3 The program logic model
• Planning the evaluation methods
• Reflection 10.3
• Purposes of Evaluation
• FIG. 10.2 Framework for program evaluation.
• Methods
• Activity 10.4 Standards for evaluation
• Reflection 10.4
• Evaluation designs in practice
• Process evaluation to measure program strategies and activities
• Activity 10.5 Data collection
• Reflection 10.5
• Evaluability assessment
• Activity 10.6 Pilot-testing a campaign
• Reflection 10.6
• Activity 10.7 Evaluability assessments
• Impact evaluation to measure program objectives
• Reflection 10.7
• Outcome evaluation to measure program goals
• Evaluation designs for impact and outcome evaluation
• Activity 10.8 Impact and outcome evaluations
• Reflection 10.8
• A final word
• Case Study 10.2 Evaluation of a diabetes prevention pilot initiative
• TABLE 10.1 Planning and evaluation checklist: evaluation and dissemination
• Review Questions
• Useful websites
• References
• Section 4
• Health protection and promotion
• Introduction
• Reference
• Chapter 11 Disease control and management
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• Defining chronic condition and chronic disease
• FIG. 11.1 Top 10 leading causes of disease burden in DALYs* terms, Australia, 1996.Note: *DALYs—disability-adjusted life years—count equivalent years of ‘healthy’ life lost due to poor health or disability and potential years of life lost due to premature death. COPD—chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
• FIG. 11.2 Behavioural risk factors, biomedical risk factors, and other factors contributing to chronic disease.
• Continuum of care/integrated approach to chronic disease
• TABLE 11.1 Relationships between various chronic diseases, conditions and risk factors
• Chronic disease management programs
• Early detection and early treatment
• Activity 11.1 Diabetes detection and care
• Reflection 11.1
• Integration and continuity of prevention and care
• Activity 11.2 Chronic condition care programs
• Self-management
• Case Study 11.1 Example of self-management
• Chronic disease prevention and management—some issues
• Reflection 11.2
• Defining infectious disease
• FIG. 11.3 Death rates from infectious diseases in Australia 1922–2007.
• Models of infectious disease
• Box 11.1 The Old Epidemics
• Activity 11.3 An outbreak of ‘Spanish flu’ today
• Reflection 11.3
• Mechanism of infectious disease
• FIG. 11.4 The agent–host–environment triangle model of infectious diseases.
• FIG. 11.5 Chain model of infectious diseases.
• TABLE 11.2 Examples of the chain model of infection
• Infectious disease management
• Disease prevention
• Societal and Environmental Structures
• Immunisation
• Box 11.2 HPV and Gardasil®
• TABLE 11.3 Vaccine-preventable disease data for the United States
• Case Study 11.2 The internet and immunisation
• Activity 11.4 Evaluating immunisation information on the internet
• Vector Control
• Case Study 11.3 Malaria and bed-nets
• Reflection 11.4
• Case Study 11.4 Dengue risk when Australians travel
• Personal Protection
• Surveillance, early recognition and early intervention
• Infection control
• Box 11.3 Tattoos and Body-Piercing
• Activity 11.5 Tattoos and body-piercing
• Outbreak investigation and contact tracing
• Reflection 11.5
• Barriers to effectively managing infectious diseases
• Case Study 11.5 Outbreak investigation
• Box 11.4 The Ongoing Challenge
• A final word
• Review Questions
• Useful websites
• References
• Chapter 12 Environmental health
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• What is ‘environmental health’?
• Environmental health hazards
• FIG. 12.1 Relationships between the fields of public health, environmental health and environmental protection.
• Air pollution
• Case Study 12.1 China’s Huai River policy
• Case Study 12.2 Benefits of the US Clean Air Act
• Activity 12.1 Air quality
• Safe water
• Box 12.1 The Global Water Crisis
• Case Study 12.3 Chemical contamination of drinking water
• Activity 12.2 Paying for water
• Safe food
• Example 12.1 The cost of supplying prawns to Scots
• Case Study 12.4 International Salmonella outbreak
• Activity 12.3 OzFoodNet
• The built environment
• Case Study 12.5 Urban design, transport and health
• The occupational environment
• Activity 12.4 Cycle routes
• Reflection 12.4
• Case Study 12.6 Port Pirie and lead exposure
• The global environment
• FIG. 12.2 Interrelationships between major types of global environmental change.
• Global Climate Change
• Case Study 12.7 Ocean acidification
• Activity 12.5 Ocean acidification
• FIG. 12.3 Predicted increase in global mean surface temperature as a function of CO2 emissions from various lines of evidence. This graph displays historical data from 1860 to 2010, along with predictions from various climate models taking account of differing scenarios. The models predict that by 2100 there will be an increase in the global mean surface temperature of between 1.5°C and 4.5°C, depending on the rate of future CO2 emissions.
• Health and Social Impacts of Climate Change
• Sustainable environmental health
• Box 12.2 The Earth Charter
• Activity 12.6 The Earth Charter in practice
• Risk assessment and risk perception
• TABLE 12.1 Outrage factors for individual risk perception
• Activity 12.7 Risk assessment
• Example 12.2 Risk perception of ‘experts’ versus the ‘public’
• Reflection 12.7
• A final word
• Review Questions
• Useful websites
• References
• Chapter 13 Disaster preparedness and public health
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• Defining ‘disasters’
• FIG. 13.1 The relative nature of disasters.
• Context
• Epidemiology
• FIG. 13.2 Trends in incidents and deaths.
• Health impacts
• Principles of disaster management
• Case Study 13.1 Evacuating health services
• Activity 13.1 Decision to evacuate a hospital
• Reflection 13.1
• An engaged and prepared community
• Risk-Based Approach
• All-Hazards Approach
• All-Agencies Approach
• Familiarity
• Comprehensive Approach
• Prevention and mitigation
• Preparedness and planning
• FIG. 13.3 Hierarchy of plans. CBR = Chemical, biological and radiological.
• Reflection 13.2 Heatwaves
• Response and relief
• Recovery, rehabilitation and redevelopment
• TABLE 13.1 Example of the eight Cs of response management in practice
• Activity 13.3 Managing Fukushima
• Reflection 13.3
• Systems and structures
• FIG. 13.4 Queensland disaster management arrangements.
• Activity 13.4 Local disaster health committees
• Special considerations
• Floods
• Pandemics
• Mass gatherings
• Mental health
• Public health considerations
• Displaced persons
• International aid
• Volunteers and donations
• Vulnerable populations
• Management of exercises
• The role of the public health practitioner
• Activity 13.5 Disaster health management
• Reflection 13.5
• A final word
• Review Questions
• References
• Chapter 14 Health promotion
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• History of health education
• The concept of wellness
• Evolution and evidence for health promotion
• Activity 14.1 Health education and promotion
• Reflection 14.1
• Principles of health promotion
• FIG. 14.1 The Ottawa Charter emblem for health promotion.
• TABLE 14.1 WHO Global health promotion conferences
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ concepts of health promotion
• Case Study 14.1 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ health promotion
• Activity 14.2 Reducing alcohol- or drug-related violence
• Reflection 14.2
• Strategies for health promotion
• Case Study 14.2 Tobacco control
• FIG. 14.2 Tobacco smoking rates across Australia, 2011–12.
• Box 14.1 Australian Tobacco Control Strategies
• Reflection 14.3 E-cigarettes
• Activity 14.4 Strategies for healthy change
• Reflection 14.4
• Levels of prevention in public health and health promotion
• FIG. 14.3 The relationship between primary, secondary and tertiary levels of prevention.
• Health promotion in practice
• Settings for health promotion
• Why A Settings Approach?
• Schools
• Communities
• FIG. 14.4 The empowerment continuum.
• Workplaces
• The internet and interactive technologies
• Case Study 14.3 TLC Diabetes Project
• Activity 14.5 Technology and health promotion
• Case Study 14.4 Blogging
• Reflection 14.5
• Emerging challenges for health promotion
• FIG. 14.5 Some possible points of intervention for a new public health approach to diabetes, given the distribution of risk.
• Self-management
• Activity 14.6 Health promotion strategies
• Reflection 14.6
• A final word
• Review Questions
• Useful websites
• References
• Section 5
• Contemporary issues
• Introduction
• References
• Chapter 15 The impact of globalisation on health
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• Activity 15.1 Globalisation
• Reflection 15.1
• Global communication
• Box 15.1 Defining ‘Globalisation’
• National and international air travel
• TABLE 15.1 The view of globalisation by country
• Activity 15.2 Is globalisation good?
• Reflection 15.2
• Globalisation in population health
• Globalisation of infectious diseases
• Activity 15.3 Globalisation and the spread of infectious diseases
• Reflection 15.3
• Case Study 15.1 Australia’s response to Ebola
• Globalisation and chronic diseases
• Tobacco Use
• TABLE 15.2 Projected global tobacco-caused deaths by 2015—adapted from baseline scenario
• Activity 15.4 Tobacco—health and economic issues
• Reflection 15.4
• Overweight and Obesity
• TABLE 15.3 Prevalence of pre-obese (overweight) and obese in the world
• TABLE 15.4 Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese children aged 7–17 years old in 2002
• TABLE 15.5 Factors contributing to global epidemic of obesity
• Activity 15.5 Promoting a healthy diet
• Reflection 15.5
• Refugee health
• The global public health community
• TABLE 15.6 The UN Millennium Development Goals
• Box 15.2 Major Areas of Commonality Identified in The Oslo Statement
• Activity 15.6 Working in developing countries
• Reflection 15.6
• Activity 15.7 International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect
• Reflection 15.7
• A final word
• Review Questions
• Acknowledgement
• References
• Chapter 16 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• Who are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples?
• Activity 16.1 Aboriginal pre- and post-colonisation experience
• Reflection 16.1
• Government policy
• The National Aboriginal Health Strategy
• Close the Gap
• The Northern Territory Intervention
• Activity 16.2 Close the Gap and the Intervention
• Reflection 16.2
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples today
• Activity 16.3 Profile and culture of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
• Reflection 16.3
• Community and gendered health
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women’s health
• Activity 16.4 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women’s health
• Reflection 16.4
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men’s health
• Activity 16.5 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men’s health
• Reflection 16.5
• Community-controlled health service sector
• Activity 16.6 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health services
• Reflection 16.6
• Research
• Activity 16.7 Research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
• Reflection 16.7
• Case Study 16.1 The Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation
• Indigenous people in other parts of the world
• A final word
• Review Questions
• References
• Chapter 17 Grand challenges for public health
• Learning objectives
• Introduction
• Box 17.1 Ten Great Public Health Achievements—United States, 1900–1999
• Box 17.2 Key Achievements Within the Australian Public Health Sector
• Grand challenges in the twenty-first century
• Activity 17.1 Health challenges for the twenty-first century
• Reflection 17.1
• Twenty-first-century solutions
• TABLE 17.1 Future issues impacting on public health activity in the twenty-first century
• Globalisation and health
• Dietary imbalance, physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour
• Population ageing
• Sustainable ecological public health
• Emerging and re-emerging infections
• Genetics, biotechnology and information technology
• The public health workforce: skills for a complex future
• Strategic planning for public health: political will and action
• Leadership and public health: establishing a research agenda
• Box 17.3 Major Public Health Research Challenges
• Grand challenges for public health: what is the future?
• Activity 17.2 Opportunities to advance future health
• Reflection 17.2
• A final word
• Review Questions
• References
• Glossary
• Glossary
• References
• Index
• Index
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