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• MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGY, THIRD EDITION
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface and Acknowledgments
• Contributors
• CHAPTER 1: Introduction
• Section I: Basic Concepts
• CHAPTER 2: Causation and Causal Inference
• CAUSALITY
• PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENTIFIC INFERENCE
• CAUSAL INFERENCE IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
• CHAPTER 3: Measures of Occurrence
• INCIDENCE TIMES
• INCIDENCE RATES
• TYPES OF POPULATIONS
• OTHER TYPES OF RATES
• INCIDENCE PROPORTIONS AND SURVIVAL PROPORTIONS
• RELATIONS AMONG INCIDENCE MEASURES
• LIMITATIONS AND GENERALIZATIONS OF BASIC OCCURRENCE MEASURES
• PREVALENCE
• AVERAGE AGE AT EVENT
• STANDARDIZATION
• CHAPTER 4: Measures of Effect and Measures of Association
• MEASURES OF EFFECT
• ASSOCIATION AND CONFOUNDING
• RELATIONS AMONG MEASURES OF EFFECT
• ATTRIBUTABLE FRACTIONS
• GENERALIZING DEFINITIONS OF EFFECT
• POPULATION-ATTRIBUTABLE FRACTIONS AND IMPACT FRACTIONS
• STANDARDIZED MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION AND EFFECT
• PREVALENCE RATIOS
• OTHER MEASURES
• CHAPTER 5: Concepts of Interaction
• STATISTICAL INTERACTION AND EFFECT-MEASURE MODIFICATION
• BIOLOGIC INTERACTIONS
• PUBLIC HEALTH INTERACTIONS
• Section II: Study Design and Conduct
• CHAPTER 6: Types of Epidemiologic Studies
• EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
• NONEXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
• CHAPTER 7: Cohort Studies
• DEFINITION OF COHORTS AND EXPOSURE GROUPS
• TIMING OF OUTCOME EVENTS
• EXPENSE
• TRACING OF SUBJECTS
• SPECIAL-EXPOSURE AND GENERAL-POPULATION COHORTS
• CHAPTER 8: Case-Control Studies
• COMMON ELEMENTS OF CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
• VARIANTS OF THE CASE-CONTROL DESIGN
• CHAPTER 9: Validity in Epidemiologic Studies
• VALIDITY OF ESTIMATION
• CONFOUNDING
• SELECTION BIAS
• INFORMATION BIAS
• GENERALIZABILITY
• CHAPTER 10: Precision and Statistics in Epidemiologic Studies
• RANDOM ERROR AND STATISTICAL PRECISION
• STUDY SIZE
• STUDY EFFICIENCY
• PRECISION AND STRATIFICATION
• APPROACHES TO RANDOM ERROR
• CONCLUSION
• CHAPTER 11: Design Strategies to Improve Study Accuracy
• DESIGN OPTIONS TO CONTROL CONFOUNDING
• APPORTIONMENT RATIOS TO IMPROVE STUDY EFFICIENCY
• MATCHING
• CHAPTER 12: Causal Diagrams
• INTRODUCTION
• PRELIMINARIES FOR CAUSAL GRAPHS
• GRAPHICAL MODELS
• GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF BIAS AND ITS CONTROL
• SOME APPLICATIONS
• CAVEATS AND EXTENSIONS
• CONCLUSION
• Section III: Data Analysis
• CHAPTER 13: Fundamentals of Epidemiologic Data Analysis
• ELEMENTS OF DATA ANALYSIS
• DATA EDITING
• DATA DESCRIPTION AND SUMMARIZATION
• HANDLING OF MISSING VALUES
• METHODS OF TESTING AND ESTIMATION
• MULTIPLE COMPARISONS
• CHAPTER 14: Introduction to Categorical Statistics
• SAMPLE-SIZE CONSIDERATIONS
• INDEPENDENCE OF OUTCOMES
• HOMOGENEITY ASSUMPTIONS
• CLASSIFICATION OF ANALYSIS METHODS
• PERSON-TIME DATA: LARGE-SAMPLE METHODS
• PURE COUNT DATA: LARGE-SAMPLE METHODS
• SMALL-SAMPLE STATISTICS FOR PERSON-TIME DATA
• SMALL-SAMPLE STATISTICS FOR PURE COUNT DATA
• CHAPTER 15: Introduction to Stratified Analysis
• HETEROGENEITY VERSUS CONFOUNDING
• ASSESSMENT OF CONFOUNDING
• EXAMINING STRATUM-SPECIFIC ESTIMATES
• STANDARDIZATION
• ESTIMATION ASSUMING HOMOGENITY ACROSS STRATA
• P-VALUES FOR THE STRATIFIED NULL HYPOTHESIS
• TESTING HOMOGENEITY
• CASE-COHORT DATA
• TWO-STAGE DATA
• CHAPTER 16: Applications of Stratified Analysis Methods
• ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM MATCHED STUDIES
• ANALYSIS OF CASE-CROSSOVER AND OTHER CASE-ONLY DESIGNS
• BASIC SURVIVAL ANALYSIS
• ATTRIBUTABLE FRACTION ESTIMATION
• ANALYSES OF BIOLOGIC INTERACTIONS
• ANALYSES OF INDUCTION PERIODS
• CHAPTER 17: Analysis of Polytomous Exposures and Outcomes
• CATEGORIZATION OF ORDERED VARIABLES
• BASIC TABULAR ANALYSIS
• DOSE–RESPONSE AND TREND ANALYSIS
• TREND STATISTICS
• SPECIAL HANDLING OF THE ZERO LEVEL
• MOVING AVERAGES
• BASIC ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE OUTCOMES
• SIMULTANEOUS STATISTICS FOR TABULAR DATA
• CHAPTER 18: Introduction to Bayesian Statistics
• FREQUENTISM VERSUS SUBJECTIVE BAYESIANISM
• SIMPLE APPROXIMATE BAYESIAN METHODS
• INFORMATION-WEIGHTED AVERAGING
• PRIOR DATA: FREQUENTIST INTERPRETATION OF PRIORS
• CHECKING THE PRIOR
• DISCUSSION
• CONCLUSIONS
• CHAPTER 19: Bias Analysis
• INTRODUCTION
• ANALYSIS OF UNMEASURED CONFOUNDERS
• ANALYSIS OF MISCLASSIFICATION
• SELECTION BIAS
• MULTIPLE-BIAS ANALYSES
• PROBABILISTIC BIAS ANALYSIS
• CONCLUSION
• CHAPTER 20: Introduction to Regression Models
• WHY MODEL?
• REGRESSION FUNCTIONS
• BASIC REGRESSION MODELS
• MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODELS
• TREND MODELS IN MULTIPLE REGRESSION
• EXTENSIONS OF LOGISTIC MODELS
• GENERALIZED LINEAR MODELS
• CHAPTER 21: Introduction to Regression Modeling
• MODEL SEARCHING
• MODEL FITTING
• MODEL CHECKING
• MODELING IN UNMATCHED CASE-CONTROL STUDIES AND RELATED DESIGNS
• STRATIFIED MODELS
• MODELING MATCHED DATA
• HIERARCHICAL (MULTILEVEL) REGRESSION
• MODEL-BASED ESTIMATES OF INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE
• NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION
• MODEL-BASED STANDARDIZATION
• SCORING METHODS
• MODELING LONGITUDINAL DATA
• Section IV: Special Topics
• CHAPTER 22: Surveillance
• HISTORY OF SURVEILLANCE
• OBJECTIVES OF SURVEILLANCE
• ELEMENTS OF A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
• APPROACHES TO SURVEILLANCE
• ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND PRESENTATION OF SURVEILLANCE DATA
• ATTRIBUTES OF SURVEILLANCE
• CONCLUSION
• CHAPTER 23: Using Secondary Data
• EPIDEMIOLOGY IN IDEAL CIRCUMSTANCES
• ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY DATA FROM COMPLETE POPULATIONS
• USE OF SECONDARY DATA AND VALIDITY
• EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES BASED FULLY ON EXISTING REGISTERS
• EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF SECONDARY DATA
• QUANTIFICATION OF BIAS RELATED TO MISCLASSIFICATION
• MONITORING
• ETHICS OF SECONDARY DATA ACCESS
• CONCLUSION
• CHAPTER 24: Field Methods in Epidemiology
• SUBJECT IDENTIFICATION AND RECRUITMENT
• DATA COLLECTION AND DATA CAPTURE
• EMERGING ISSUES
• CHAPTER 25: Ecologic Studies
• CONCEPTS AND RATIONALE
• STUDY DESIGNS
• EFFECT ESTIMATION
• METHODOLOGIC PROBLEMS
• MULTILEVEL ANALYSES AND DESIGNS
• CONCLUSION
• CHAPTER 26: Social Epidemiology
• CAUSATION AND CONFOUNDING IN SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
• EXPOSURE AND COVARIATE ASSESSMENT IN SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
• ANALYTIC APPROACHES
• CHAPTER 27: Infectious Disease Epidemiology
• EPIDEMIOLOGIC ISSUES IN PROGRESSION-RELATED STUDIES
• EPIDEMIOLOGIC ISSUES IN TRANSMISSION-RELATED STUDIES
• CONCLUSIONS
• CHAPTER 28: Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology
• MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACHES TO THE EVALUATION OF BIOMARKERS
• CONVENTIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
• METHODOLOGIC ISSUES
• NONCONVENTIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
• EXAMPLE 1: COLORECTAL CANCER
• EXAMPLE 2: INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
• CHAPTER 29: Nutritional Epidemiology
• EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF NUTRITIONAL EXPOSURES
• MEASUREMENT OF DIET IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
• BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF DIET
• ANTHROPOMETRY AND MEASURES OF BODY COMPOSITION
• METHODOLOGIC ISSUES IN NUTRITIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
• CONCLUSION
• CHAPTER 30: Environmental Epidemiology
• THE DOMAIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
• EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
• STUDY DESIGNS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
• ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGIC CHALLENGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
• SURVEILLANCE AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
• HISTORICAL LESSONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
• NEW ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CHALLENGES
• FUTURE NEEDS
• CHAPTER 31: Methodologic Issues in Reproductive Epidemiology
• GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
• PUBERTY AND MENOPAUSE
• THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• SEMEN QUALITY
• FERTILITY
• PREGNANCY LOSS
• PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS
• BIRTHWEIGHT
• PERINATAL MORTALITY
• BIRTH DEFECTS
• GENETIC FACTORS IN REPRODUCTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY
• APPENDIX
• CHAPTER 32: Clinical Epidemiology
• STUDIES OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ILLNESS
• STUDIES OF DIAGNOSTIC AND SCREENING TESTS
• STUDIES OF THERAPY—RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
• STUDIES OF THERAPY—NONRANDOMIZED STUDIES
• SELECTED READING
• CHAPTER 33: Meta-Analysis
• PRELIMINARIES
• INITIAL TASKS OF A META-ANALYSIS
• STATISTICAL REANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL STUDIES
• STATISTICAL METHODS FOR META-ANALYSIS
• PROBLEMS IN APPLICATION OF METHODS
• SOME METHODS TO AVOID
• ROLE AND LIMITATIONS OF META-ANALYSIS
• CONCLUSION
• References
• Index