Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Publisher’s Notice
• Halftitle Page
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Special Features
• Contents
• Preface
• Prelude: And Just What Is Geology?
• P.1 In Search of Ideas
• P.2 Why Study Geology?
• P.3 Themes of This Book
• Prelude: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 1: The Earth in Context
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 An Image of Our Universe
• 1.3 Forming the Universe
• 1.4 Forming the Solar System
• 1.5 The Earth’s Moon and Magnetic Field
• 1.6 The Earth System
• 1.7 Looking Inward: Discovering the Earth’s Interior
• 1.8 Basic Characteristics of the Earth’s Layers
• Chapter 1: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 2: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Wegener’s Evidence for Continental Drift
• 2.3 The Discovery of Seafloor Spreading
• 2.4 Paleomagnetism: Proving Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading
• 2.5 What Do We Mean by Plate Tectonics?
• 2.6 Divergent Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading
• 2.7 Convergent Boundaries and Subduction
• 2.8 Transform Boundaries
• 2.9 Special Locations in the Plate Mosaic
• 2.10 How Do Plate Boundaries Form, and How Do They Die?
• 2.11 Moving Plates
• Chapter 2: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 3: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 What Is a Mineral?
• 3.3 Beauty in Patterns: Crystals and Their Structures
• 3.4 How Can You Tell One Mineral from Another?
• 3.5 Organizing Your Knowledge: Mineral Classification
• 3.6 Something Precious: Gems!
• Chapter 3: Practice What You Know
• Interlude A: Introducing Rocks
• A.1 Introduction
• A.2 What Is Rock?
• A.3 The Basis of Rock Classification
• A.4 Studying Rock
• Interlude A: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 4: Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Why Does Magma Form, and What Is It Made of?
• 4.3 Movement and Solidification of Molten Rock
• 4.4 How Do You Describe an Igneous Rock?
• 4.5 Plate-Tectonic Context of Igneous Activity
• Chapter 4: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 5: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 The Products of Volcanic Eruptions
• 5.3 Structure and Eruptive Style
• 5.4 Geologic Settings of Volcanism
• 5.5 Beware: Volcanoes Are Hazards!
• 5.6 Protection from Vulcan’s Wrath
• 5.7 Effect of Volcanoes on Climate and Civilization
• 5.8 Volcanoes on Other Planets
• Chapter 5: Practice What You Know
• Interlude B: A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
• B.1 Introduction
• B.2 Weathering: Forming Sediment
• B.3 Soil
• Interlude B: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 6: Pages of the Earth’s Past: Sedimentary Rocks
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Classes of Sedimentary Rocks
• 6.3 Sedimentary Structures
• 6.4 Recognizing Depositional Environments
• 6.5 Sedimentary Basins
• Chapter 6: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 7: Metamorphism: A Process of Change
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Consequences and Causes of Metamorphism
• 7.3 Types of Metamorphic Rocks
• 7.4 Where Does Metamorphism Occur?
• Chapter 7: Practice What You Know
• Interlude C: The Rock Cycle
• C.1 Introduction
• C.2 Rock Cycle Paths
• C.3 A Case Study of the Rock Cycle
• C.4 Cycles of the Earth System
• Interlude C: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 8: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Causes of Earthquakes
• 8.3 Seismic Waves and Their Measurement
• 8.4 Defining the “Size” of Earthquakes
• 8.5 Where and Why Do Earthquakes Occur?
• 8.6 How Do Earthquakes Cause Damage?
• 8.7 Can We Predict the “Big One”?
• 8.8 Earthquake Engineering and Zoning
• Chapter 8: Practice What You Know
• Interlude D: The Earth’s Interior Revisited: Insights from Geophysics
• D.1 Introduction
• D.2 The Basis for Seismic Study of the Interior
• D.3 Seismic Study of the Earth’s Interior
• D.4 The Earth’s Gravity
• D.5 The Earth’s Magnetic Field, Revisited
• Interlude D: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 9: Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Geologic Structures and Mountain Building
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Rock Deformation in the Earth’s Crust
• 9.3 Brittle Structures
• 9.4 Folds and Foliation
• 9.5 Causes of Mountain Building
• 9.6 Other Consequences of Mountain Building
• 9.7 Basins and Domes in Cratons
• Chapter 9: Practice What You Know
• Interlude E: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
• E.1 The Discovery of Fossils
• E.2 Fossilization
• E.3 Taxonomy and Identification
• E.4 The Fossil Record
• E.5 Evolution and Extinction
• Interlude E: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 10: Deep Time: How Old Is Old?
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 The Concept of Geologic Time
• 10.3 Relative Age
• 10.4 Unconformities: Gaps in the Record
• 10.5 Stratigraphic Formations and Their Correlation
• 10.6 The Geologic Column
• 10.7 How Do We Determine Numerical Ages?
• 10.8 Numerical Age and Geologic Time
• Chapter 10: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 11: A Biography of the Earth
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Hadean and Archean Time: The Earth’s Early Days
• 11.3 The Proterozoic: The Earth in Transition
• 11.4 The Paleozoic Era: Continents Reassemble, and Life Gets Complex
• 11.5 The Mesozoic Era: When Dinosaurs Ruled
• 11.6 The Cenozoic Era: The Modern World Comes to Be
• Chapter 11: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 12: Riches in Rock: Energy and Mineral Resources
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Sources of Energy in the Earth System
• 12.3 Introducing Hydrocarbon Resources
• 12.4 Conventional Hydrocarbon Systems
• 12.5 Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reserves
• 12.6 Coal: Energy from Swamps of the Past
• 12.7 Nuclear Power
• 12.8 Other Energy Sources
• 12.9 Energy Choices, Energy Problems
• 12.10 Mineral Resources
• 12.11 Nonmetallic Mineral Resources
• 12.12 Global Mineral Needs
• Chapter 12: Practice What You Know
• Interlude F: An Introduction to Landscapes and the Hydrologic Cycle
• F.1 Introduction
• F.2 Shaping the Earth’s Surface
• F.3 Factors Controlling Landscape Development
• F.4 The Hydrologic Cycle
• F.5 Landscapes of Other Planets
• Interlude F: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 13: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Wasting
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Types of Mass Wasting
• 13.3 Why Does Mass Wasting Occur?
• 13.4 How Can We Protect against Mass-Wasting Disasters?
• Chapter 13: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 14: Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Draining the Land
• 14.3 The Work of Running Water
• 14.4 Streams in the Landscape
• 14.5 The Evolution of Drainage
• 14.6 Raging Waters
• 14.7 Human Impact on Rivers
• Chapter 14: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 15: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Landscapes beneath the Sea
• 15.3 Ocean-Water Characteristics
• 15.4 Tides and Wave Action
• 15.5 Currents: Rivers in the Sea
• 15.6 Where Land Meets Sea: Coastal Landforms
• 15.7 Causes of Coastal Variation
• 15.8 Coastal Problems and Solutions
• Chapter 15: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 16: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Where Does Groundwater Reside?
• 16.3 Groundwater Flow
• 16.4 Tapping Groundwater Supplies
• 16.5 Hot Springs and Geysers
• 16.6 Groundwater Problems
• 16.7 Caves and Karst
• Chapter 16: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 17: Dry Regions: The Geology of Deserts
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 The Nature and Locations of Deserts
• 17.3 Producing Desert Landscapes
• 17.4 Deposition in Deserts
• 17.5 Desert Landscapes
• 17.6 Desert Problems
• Chapter 17: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 18: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.2 Ice and the Nature of Glaciers
• 18.3 Carving and Carrying by Ice
• 18.4 Deposition Associated with Glaciation
• 18.5 Consequences of Continental Glaciation
• 18.6 The Pleistocene Ice Age
• 18.7 The Causes of Ice Ages
• Chapter 18: Practice What You Know
• Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System
• 19.1 Introduction
• 19.2 Unidirectional Changes
• 19.3 Cyclic Changes
• 19.4 Human Impact on Land and Life
• 19.5 Global Climate Change
• 19.6 Contemporary Global Warming
• 19.7 The Future of the Earth
• Chapter 19: Practice What You Know
• Additional Charts
• Metric Conversion Chart
• The Periodic Table of Elements
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index