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• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• Chapter 1 Crime and Criminology
• Introduction
• Defining Criminology
• Criminology and Academics
• A Brief History of the Criminal Law
• Defining the Criminal Law
• Perspectives on the Criminal Law
• Theories of Crime
• Defining a Scientific Theory
• Evaluating Theory
• Empirical Evidence
• Scope and Parsimony
• Organizing Theories of Crime
• Theories of “Lawmaking, Law-breaking, and Reaction to Law-breaking”
• Macro- and Micro-Level Explanations
• Theoretical Traditions in Criminology
• The Origins of Criminological Theory
• The Classical School of Crime
• Theory in Action: Criminology as Peacemaking—Sister Helen Prejean, Dead Man Walking
• The Positivist School of Crime
• The Classical and Positivist Schools—Where Do We Stand Now?
• Crime Policy
• Policy Without Theory—The Case of Intensive Supervision
• Theoretically Informed Policy: The Case of Multisystemic Therapy
• Limitations of Criminological Research
• Studies of Felony Probation
• Experiments on the Impact of Mandatory Arrest in Domestic Violence Cases
• Theory Versus Streetwise Criminology
• The Utility of Criminological Theory
• The Demise of the Criminological Imagination?
• Politics: The “Left” and “Right” of Criminal Justice Policy
• The Influence of Social Context: The “Martinson Report” as a Case Study
• Crime as a Normal Phenomenon
• How to Study Crime
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 2 The Incidence of Crime
• Introduction
• Sources of Crime Statistics
• The Uniform Crime Report
• Limitations of the UCR
• The National Incident-Based Reporting System
• National Crime Victimization Survey
• Categories of Victims and Victimization
• Intimate Partner Violence, 1993–2010
• Victims of Identity Theft, 2012
• School Crime and Safety
• Violence in the Workplace, 1993–2009
• Limitations of the NCVS
• Criminal Justice System Statistics
• Jail Population
• Theory in Action: Lying with Statistics—Police Style
• Prison Population
• Probation and Parole Figures
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 3 Neoclassical Criminology
• Introduction
• The Rise of Neoclassical Theory
• Deterrence Theory
• Empirical Tests of Deterrence Theory
• General Deterrence
• Theory in Action: Lock ’Em Up—Incapacitation as Goal of Corrections
• Specific Deterrence
• Focused Deterrence
• Theory in Action: Is It Time to Move Beyond “Scared Straight!” Type Programs?
• Perceptual Deterrence
• Celerity
• Summary of Deterrence Theory
• Rational Choice Theory
• Cornish and Clarke’s Rational Choice Theory
• Routine Activities Theory and the Lifestyle Approach
• Routine Activities Theory
• The Lifestyle Approach
• Policy Implications: Situational Crime Prevention
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 4 Biology and Crime
• Introduction
• Early Biological Theories
• Phrenology
• Lombroso’s “Born Criminal”
• Further Study of Physical “Deficiencies”
• Sheldon’s Somatotype Theory
• The XYY “Supermale”
• The Legacy and Policy Implications of Early Biological Research
• A Modern Biosocial Approach to Crime
• Behavioral Genetics
• Theory in Action: The Language of Genetics
• Theory in Action: Born to Rage? Media Coverage of the “Warrior Gene”
• Biological Correlates of Crime
• Biosocial Theory
• Evolutionary Explanations
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 5 Psychology and Crime
• Introduction
• Psychoanalytic Theory
• Theory in Action: Mental Illness, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System
• Freudian Elements of Personality
• Freudian Explanations of Delinquency
• Policy Implications of Freudian Theory
• Behavioral Psychology
• Principles of Learning
• Policy Implications of Behaviorism
• Cognitive Psychology
• Cognitive Structure
• Cognitive Content
• Policy Implications of Cognitive Psychology: Cognitive–Behavioral Programs
• Personality and Crime
• Theory in Action: Multisystemic Therapy
• Personality Traits and Crime
• Criminal Personality: The Psychopath
• Policy Implications of Personality Theory
• Intelligence and Crime
• A Brief History of Intelligence Testing
• IQ and Crime
• Policy Implications of the IQ–Crime Relationship
• Summary of IQ and Crime
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 6 Social Structure and Crime
• Introduction
• Emile Durkheim and Crime
• Social Disorganization and Social Ecology
• Early Social Ecology: Concentric Zone Theory
• Social Disorganization Theory
• Race, Place, and Crime
• Stark’s “Deviant Places” Theory
• Hot Spots of Criminal Behavior
• Policy Implications: Social Ecology and Social Disorganization
• Theory in Action: The Demolition of Cabrini-Green
• The Strain/Anomie Theoretical Tradition
• Critique of Anomie Theory
• General Strain Theory
• Institutional Anomie Theory
• Policy Implications of Anomie and Strain Theories
• Subcultural Explanations of Crime
• Cohen: Status Frustration and Reaction Formation
• Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Opportunity
• Miller: Focal Concerns of the Lower Class
• A General Critique of Subcultural Explanations
• Policy Implications of Subcultural Theories
• Theory in Action: Place, Race, and Police
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 7 Social Process and Crime
• Introduction
• Differential Association and Social Learning Theory
• Tarde’s Law of Imitation
• Sutherland’s Theory of Differential Association
• From Differential Association to Social Learning
• Policy Implications: Social Learning Theory
• Informal Social Control Theory
• Three Types of Informal Social Control
• Early Control Theory: Walter Reckless and “Containment”
• Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory
• Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime
• An Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control
• What’s Love Got to Do with It? Social Support and Altruism
• Policy Implications for Theories of Informal Social Control
• Can’t We All Just Get Along? Social Control, Social Learning, and Behaviorism
• Labeling Theory
• The Roots of the Labeling Perspective
• Theory in Action: Employment and Criminal History—Check the Box or Ban the Box?
• Putting the Pieces Together—The Labeling Process
• A Critique of Labeling Theory
• Theory in Action: Restorative Justice
• Policy Implications of Labeling Theory
• Extensions of Labeling Theory
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 8 Critical Approaches to Law and Crime
• Introduction
• Conflict Theory
• Conflict Theory and the Law
• Conflict Theory and the Criminal Justice System
• Theory in Action: From Killer Weed to Medical Drug—Conflict over Marijuana Law
• Research on Race and Criminal Justice Processing
• Conflict Theory as an Explanation of Criminal Behavior
• A Critique of Conflict Theory
• Radical Criminology
• Karl Marx and Crime
• Engels and the Social Revolution
• Bonger and Egoistic Capitalism
• Rusche and Kirchheimer and Penal Systems
• Richard Quinney: Class, Crime, and the State
• Radical Explanations of the Law and the Criminal Justice System
• Theory in Action: Too Big to Jail? Conflict Theory and Corporate Crime
• Historical Support for Marxist Criminology
• A Radical Critique of “Traditional” Criminologists
• A Critique of Radical Criminology
• Extensions of Radical Criminology
• Feminist Criminology
• The Gender Ratio
• The Generalizability Issue
• Gender and the Criminal Justice System
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 9 Crime Over the Life Course
• Introduction
• The Criminal Career Perspective
• Case Studies of Criminal Careers
• Cohort Research: The Chronic Six Percent
• From “Criminal Career” to Life-Course Criminology
• Life-Course Criminology
• Central Life-Course Questions
• Life-Course Theories
• Continuity Theories
• Continuity and Change Theories
• Continuity or Change Theories
• Theory in Action: Redemption, Desistence, and Living the “Good Life”
• An Integrated Life-Course Theory
• The Policy Implications of the Criminal Career Perspective and Life-Course Criminology
• Criminal Justice Responses
• Policing Initiatives
• Sentencing/Corrections Initiatives
• Negative Consequences of Getting Tough
• Prevention and Rehabilitation
• Theory in Action: Home Visitation Programs
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 10 Crimes of Violence
• Introduction
• Violent Crime Trends in the United States
• Homicide
• Murder Levels and Trends
• Circumstances Leading to Homicide
• Offender and Victim Characteristics
• Explaining America’s Homicide Rate
• Theory in Action: Do More Guns Mean Less Crime?
• Multicide
• Mass Murder
• Serial Murder
• Rape and Sexual Assault
• Rape: Incidence, Prevalence, and Trends
• Victims of Rape and Sexual Assaults
• The Criminal Justice Response to Rape
• Explaining Rape and Sexual Assault
• Intimate Partner Violence
• Intimate Partner Abuse
• Stalking
• Theory in Action: Campus Sexual Violence
• Child Abuse
• Robbery
• Characteristics of Robbery and Robbers
• Explaining Robbery
• Assault
• Theory in Action: Explaining the Drop in Violent Crime
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 11 Property Crimes
• Introduction
• Property Crime Trends
• Burglary
• Burglary Trends
• The Nature of Burglary
• Typologies of Burglars
• Response to Burglary
• Arson
• Research on Arson and Arsonists
• Arson Typologies: Mentally Disordered and Serial Arsonists
• Larceny-Theft
• Larceny-Theft Trends
• Nature and Extent of Larceny-Theft
• Research on Larceny-Theft: A Focus on Shoplifting
• Criminal Justice System Response to Shoplifting
• Motor Vehicle Theft
• Patterns of Motor Vehicle Theft
• Methods and Motives of Car Thieves
• Theory in Action: Which Cars Are the Most Popular Targets for Car Thieves?
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 12 Public Order Crimes
• Introduction
• The Morality Perspective
• Moral Entrepreneurs
• Theory in Action: Candy Lightner—A Moral Entrepreneur
• Drugs, Alcohol, Moral Entrepreneurs, and Interest Groups
• The Law and Order Perspective
• Wilson and Kelling: Broken Windows Theory
• Gambling
• The Morality Perspective: Compulsive Gambling
• The Law and Order Perspective: Casinos and Crime
• Prostitution
• Types of Prostitutes
• Entry into the Profession
• The Morality Perspective: The Dangers of Prostitution
• Theory in Action: Human Trafficking
• The Law and Order Perspective: Policing Street Prostitution
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 13 Terrorism
• Introduction
• Terrorism Defined
• Why Terrorism?
• Organization and Support
• Domestic Terror Groups
• Theory in Action: No “Boots on the Ground”
• Theory in Action: The Lone Gunman
• Responses to Terrorism
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 14 Cybercrime
• Introduction
• Cybercrime Markets
• Theory in Action: What Would You Do to Get the CD?
• Theory in Action: How Do You Explain This Much Identity Theft?
• Cyberpornography
• Cyberfraud
• Hacking
• Cybercrime Communities
• Cyberbullying
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 15 Drugs and Crime
• Introduction
• Drug Use: A Historical Perspective
• Drugs and Criminal Behavior
• The Incidence of Substance Abuse Among Offenders
• The Goldstein Models
• Theory in Action: Does Drug Dealing Pay?
• Women, Drug Abuse, and Crime
• Delinquency and Drug Abuse
• Types of Illegal Drugs: Drug Abuse and Trends
• Trends in Use
• The Threat of Methamphetamine
• The Impact of Treatment
• The Economics of Drugs and Crime
• Legalization of Drugs
• Arguments in Favor of Legalization
• Arguments Against Legalization
• Theory in Action: Legalizing Marijuana
• The War on Drugs
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Chapter 16 Crimes of the Powerful: Organized and White-Collar Crime
• Introduction
• Organized Crime
• Similarities Between Organized Crime and Legitimate Business Enterprises
• Theories of Organized Crime
• The Alien Conspiracy Model
• Theory in Action: The Ten Commandments of the Mafia
• The Local, Ethnic Group Model
• The Mafia: La Cosa Nostra
• Theory in Action: The Yakuza
• Law Enforcement Methods to Combat Organized Crime
• Headhunting: The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Statute
• Theory in Action: The Business of Organized Crime
• The Federal Witness Protection Program
• Impact of Law Enforcement Methods on Organized Crime
• Russian Organized Crime
• White-Collar Crime
• The Sutherland Definition of White-Collar Crime
• The Impact of White-Collar Crime
• Expanded Definitions of White-Collar Crime
• Occupational Crime
• Theory in Action: The Fuk Ching
• Corporate Crime
• The Criminal Careers of Corporations
• Other Categories of White-Collar Crimes
• Theory in Action: The Neapolitan Camorra
• The Careers and Motivations of Individual White-Collar Criminals
• Prosecution of White-Collar Criminals
• Sentencing of White-Collar Criminals
• Theory in Action: Sentencing White-Collar Criminals
• Conclusion
• Wrap-Up
• Appendix
• Glossary
• Index