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• Title Page
• Copyright
• The Concept behind the Book in Brief
• About the Author
• Preface
• Contributors
• Contents
• Glossary
• Anatomic Overview
• 1 The Ophthalmic Examination
• 1.1 Equipment
• 1.2 History
• 1.3 Visual Acuity
• 1.4 Ocular Motility
• 1.5 Binocular Alignment
• 1.6 Examination of the Eyelids and Nasolacrimal Duct
• 1.7 Examination of the Conjunctiva
• 1.8 Examination of the Cornea
• 1.9 Examination of the Anterior Chamber
• 1.10 Examination of the Lens
• 1.11 Ophthalmoscopy
• 1.12 Confrontation Field Testing
• 1.13 Measurement of Intraocular Pressure
• 1.14 Eyedrops, Ointment, and Bandages
• 2 The Eyelids
• 2.1 Basic Knowledge
• 2.2 Examination Methods
• 2.3 Developmental Anomalies
• Coloboma
• Epicanthal Folds
• Blepharophimosis
• Ankyloblepharon
• 2.4 Deformities
• Ptosis
• Entropion
• Ectropion
• Trichiasis
• Blepharospasm
• 2.5 Disorders of the Skin and Margin of the Eyelid
• Contact Eczema
• Edema
• Seborrheic Blepharitis
• Herpes Simplex of the Eyelids
• Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
• Eyelid Abscess
• Tick Infestation of the Eyelids
• Louse Infestation of the Eyelids
• 2.6 Disorders of the Eyelid Glands
• Hordeolum
• Chalazion
• 2.7 Tumors
• Benign Tumors
• Ductal Cysts
• Xanthelasma
• Molluscum Contagiosum
• Cutaneous Horn
• Keratoacanthoma
• Hemangioma
• Neurofibromatosis (Recklinghausen Disease)
• Malignant Tumors
• Basal Cell Carcinoma
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Adenocarcinoma
• 3 Lacrimal System
• 3.1 Basic Knowledge
• 3.2 Examination Methods
• Evaluation of Tear Formation
• Evaluation of Tear Drainage
• 3.3 Disorders of the Lower Lacrimal System
• Dacryocystitis
• Acute Dacryocystitis
• Chronic Dacryocystitis
• Neonatal Dacryocystitis
• Canaliculitis
• Tumors of the Lacrimal Sac
• 3.4 Lacrimal System Dysfunction
• Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
• Illacrimation
• 3.5 Disorders of the Lacrimal Gland
• Acute Dacryoadenitis
• Chronic Dacryoadenitis
• Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland
• 4 Conjunctiva
• 4.1 Basic Knowledge
• 4.2 Examination Methods
• 4.3 Conjunctival Degeneration and Aging Changes
• Pinguecula
• Pterygium
• Pseudopterygium
• Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
• Calcareous Infiltration
• Conjunctival Xerosis
• 4.4 Conjunctivitis
• General Notes on the Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Conjunctivitis
• Infectious Conjunctivitis
• Bacterial Conjunctivitis
• Chlamydial Conjunctivitis
• Inclusion Conjunctivitis
• Trachoma
• Viral Conjunctivitis
• Neonatal Conjunctivitis
• Parasitic and Mycotic Conjunctivitis
• Noninfectious Conjunctivitis
• 4.5 Tumors
• Epibulbar Dermoid
• Conjunctival Hemangioma
• Epithelial Conjunctival Tumors
• Conjunctival Cysts
• Conjunctival Papilloma
• Conjunctival Carcinoma
• Melanocytic Conjunctival Tumors
• Conjunctival Nevus
• Conjunctival Melanosis
• Congenital Ocular Melanosis
• Conjunctival Lymphoma
• Kaposi’s Sarcoma
• 4.6 Conjunctival Deposits
• 5 Cornea
• 5.1 Basic Knowledge
• 5.2 Examination Methods
• Slit Lamp Examination
• Dye Examination of the Cornea
• Corneal Topography
• Determining Corneal Sensitivity
• Measuring the Density of the Corneal Epithelium
• Measuring the Diameter of the Cornea
• Corneal Pachymetry
• Confocal Corneal Microscopy
• 5.3 Developmental Anomalies
• Protrusion Anomalies
• Keratoconus
• Keratoglobus and Cornea Plana
• Corneal Size Anomalies (Microcornea and Megalocornea)
• 5.4 Infectious Keratitis
• Protective Mechanisms of the Cornea
• Corneal Infections: Predisposing Factors, Pathogens, and Pathogenesis
• General Notes on Diagnosing Infectious Forms of Keratitis
• Bacterial Keratitis
• Viral Keratitis
• Herpes Simplex Keratitis
• Herpes Zoster Keratitis
• Mycotic Keratitis
• Acanthamoeba Keratitis
• 5.5 Noninfectious Keratitis and Keratopathy
• Superficial Punctate Keratitis
• Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
• Exposure Keratitis
• Neuroparalytic Keratitis
• Primary and Recurrent Corneal Erosion
• Problems with Contact Lenses
• Bullous Keratopathy
• 5.6 Corneal Deposits, Degeneration, and Dystrophies
• Corneal Deposits
• Arcus Senilis
• Corneal Verticillata
• Argyrosis and Chrysiasis
• Iron Lines
• Kayser–Fleischer Ring
• Corneal Degeneration
• Calcific Band Keratopathy
• Peripheral Furrow Keratitis
• Corneal Dystrophies
• 5.7 Corneal Surgery
• Curative Corneal Procedures
• Penetrating Keratoplasty (PKP)
• Lamellar Keratoplasty (LKP)
• Phototherapeutic Keratectomy
• Refractive Corneal Procedures
• Astigmatic Keratotomy (AK)
• Radial Keratotomy (RK)
• Conductive Keratoplasty (Holmium Laser Coagulation, High-Frequency Coagulation)
• INTACS—Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments (ICRS) and Rod Segments
• Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)
• Excimer Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis (LASEK)
• Excimer Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
• Wavefront Correction (Aberrometry)
• Implanted Contact Lens (ICL)
• Bioptic (Intraocular Lens Implantation and LASIK)
• Clear Lens Extraction (CLE)
• 6 Sclera
• 6.1 Basic Knowledge
• 6.2 Examination Methods
• 6.3 Color Changes
• 6.4 Staphyloma and Ectasia
• 6.5 Trauma
• 6.6 Inflammations
• Episcleritis
• Scleritis
• 7 Lens
• 7.1 Basic Knowledge
• 7.2 Examination Methods
• 7.3 Developmental Anomalies of the Lens
• 7.4 Cataract
• Acquired Cataract
• Senile Cataract
• Cataract in Systemic Disease
• Complicated Cataracts
• Cataract after Intraocular Surgery
• Traumatic Cataract
• Toxic Cataract
• Congenital Cataract
• Hereditary Congenital Cataracts
• Cataract from Transplacental Infection in the First Trimester of Pregnancy
• Treatment of Cataracts
• Medical Treatment
• Surgical Treatment
• Secondary Cataract
• Special Considerations in Cataract Surgery in Children
• 7.5 Lens Dislocation
• 8 Uveal Tract (Vascular Pigmented Layer)
• 8.1 Basic Knowledge
• Iris
• Ciliary Body
• Choroid
• 8.2 Examination Methods
• 8.3 Developmental Anomalies
• Aniridia
• Coloboma
• 8.4 Pigmentation Anomalies
• Heterochromia
• Albinism
• 8.5 Inflammation
• Acute Iritis and Iridocyclitis
• Chronic Iritis and Iridocyclitis
• Choroiditis
• Sympathetic Ophthalmia
• 8.6 Neovascularization in the Iris: Rubeosis Iridis
• 8.7 Tumors
• Malignant Tumors (Uveal Melanoma)
• Benign Choroidal Tumors
• 9 Pupil
• 9.1 Basic Knowledge
• 9.2 Examination Methods
• Testing the Light Reflex
• Evaluating the Near Reflex
• 9.3 Influence of Pharmacologic Agents on the Pupil
• 9.4 Pupillary Motor Dysfunction
• Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect
• Isocoria with Normal Pupil Size
• Bilateral Afferent Pupillary Defect
• Anisocoria with Dilated Pupil in the Affected Eye
• Complete Oculomotor Palsy
• Tonic Pupil
• Iris Defects
• Following Eyedrop Application
• Anisocoria with a Constricted Pupil in the Affected Eye
• Horner Syndrome
• Following Eyedrop Application
• Isocoria with Constricted Pupils
• Argyll Robertson Pupil
• Bilateral Pupillary Constriction due to Pharmacologic Agents
• Toxic Bilateral Pupillary Constriction
• Parinaud Oculoglandular Syndrome
• Intoxication
• Disorders
• Inflammatory Bilateral Pupillary Constriction
• Isocoria with Dilated Pupils
• 10 Glaucoma
• 10.1 Basic Knowledge
• 10.2 Examination Methods
• Oblique Illumination of the Anterior Chamber
• Slit Lamp Examination
• Gonioscopy
• Measuring Intraocular Pressure
• Optic Disc Ophthalmoscopy
• Visual Field Testing
• Examination of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer
• 10.3 Primary Glaucoma
• Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
• Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma
• 10.4 Secondary Glaucomas
• Secondary Open Angle Glaucoma
• Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma
• 10.5 Childhood Glaucomas
• 11 Vitreous Body
• 11.1 Basic Knowledge
• 11.2 Examination Methods
• 11.3 Aging Changes
• Synchysis
• Vitreous Detachment
• 11.4 Abnormal Changes in the Vitreous Body
• Persistent Fetal Vasculature (Developmental Anomalies)
• Mittendorf’s Dot
• Bergmeister’s Papilla
• Persistent Hyaloid Artery
• Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (PHPV)
• Abnormal Opacities of the Vitreous Body
• Asteroid Hyalosis
• Synchysis Scintillans
• Vitreous Amyloidosis
• Vitreous Hemorrhage
• Vitreitis and Endophthalmitis
• Vitreoretinal Dystrophies
• Juvenile Retinoschisis
• Wagner Disease
• 11.5 The Role of the Vitreous Body in Various Ocular Changes and after Cataract Surgery
• Retinal Detachment
• Retinal Vascular Proliferation
• Cataract Surgery
• 11.6 Surgical Treatment: Vitrectomy
• 12 Retina
• 12.1 Basic Knowledge
• 12.2 Examination Methods
• Visual Acuity
• Examination of the Fundus
• Normal and Abnormal Fundus Findings in General
• Color Vision
• Electrophysiologic Examination Methods
• 12.3 Vascular Disorders
• Diabetic Retinopathy
• Retinal Vein Occlusion
• Retinal Arterial Occlusion
• Hypertensive Retinopathy and Sclerotic Changes
• Coats Disease
• Retinopathy of Prematurity
• 12.4 Degenerative Retinal Disorders
• Retinal Detachment
• Degenerative Retinoschisis
• Peripheral Retinal Degenerations
• Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
• Age-Related Macular Degeneration
• Degenerative Myopia
• 12.5 Retinal Dystrophies
• Macular Dystrophies
• Stargardt Disease
• Best’s Vitelliform Dystrophy
• Retinitis Pigmentosa
• 12.6 Toxic Retinopathy
• 12.7 Retinal Inflammatory Disease
• Retinal Vasculitis
• Posterior Uveitis Due to Toxoplasmosis
• AIDS-Related Retinal Disorders
• Viral Retinitis
• Retinitis in Lyme Disease
• Parasitic Retinal Disorders
• 12.8 Retinal Tumors and Hamartomas
• Retinoblastoma
• Astrocytoma
• Hemangiomas
• 13 Optic Nerve
• 13.1 Basic Knowledge
• Intraocular Portion of the Optic Nerve
• Intraorbital and Intracranial Portion of the Optic Nerve
• 13.2 Examination Methods
• 13.3 Disorders that Obscure the Margin of the Optic Disc
• Congenital Disorders that Obscure the Margin of the Optic Disc
• Oblique Entry of the Optic Nerve
• Tilted Disc
• Pseudopapilledema
• Myelinated Nerve Fibers
• Bergmeister’s Papilla
• Optic Disc Drusen
• Acquired Disorders that Obscure the Margin of the Optic Disc
• Papilledema
• Optic Neuritis
• Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
• Infiltrative Optic Disc Edema
• 13.4 Disorders in which the Margin of the Optic Disc is Well Defined
• Atrophy of the Optic Nerve
• Special Forms of Atrophy of the Optic Nerve
• Optic Nerve Pits
• Optic Disc Coloboma (Morning Glory Disc)
• 13.5 Tumors
• Intraocular Optic Nerve Tumors
• Retrobulbar Optic Nerve Tumors
• 14 Visual Pathway
• 14.1 Basic Knowledge
• 14.2 Examination Methods
• 14.3 Disorders of the Visual Pathway
• Prechiasmal Lesions
• Chiasmal Lesions
• Retrochiasmal Lesions
• Ocular Migraine
• 15 Orbital Cavity
• 15.1 Basic Knowledge
• 15.2 Examination Methods
• 15.3 Developmental Anomalies
• Craniofacial Dysplasia
• Craniostenosis
• Mandibulofacial Dysplasia
• Oculoauriculovertebral Dysplasia
• Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
• Oculomandibular Dysostosis
• Rubinstein–Taybi Syndrome
• Meningoencephalocele
• Osteopathies
• 15.4 Orbital Involvement in Autoimmune Disorders: Graves Disease
• 15.5 Orbital Inflammation
• Orbital Cellulitis
• Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
• Orbital Pseudotumor
• Myositis
• Orbital Periostitis
• Mucocele
• Mycoses (Mucormycosis and Aspergillomycosis)
• 15.6 Vascular Disorders
• Pulsating Exophthalmos
• Intermittent Exophthalmos
• Orbital Hematoma
• 15.7 Tumors
• Orbital Tumors
• Hemangioma
• Dermoid and Epidermoid Cyst
• Neurinoma and Neurofibroma
• Meningioma
• Histiocytosis X
• Leukemic Infiltrations
• Lymphoma
• Rhabdomyosarcoma
• Metastases
• Optic Nerve Glioma
• Injuries
• 15.8 Orbital Surgery
• 16 Optics and Refractive Errors
• 16.1 Basic Knowledge
• Uncorrected and Corrected Visual Acuity
• Refraction: Emmetropia and Ametropia
• Accommodation
• Adaptation to Differences in Light Intensity
• 16.2 Examination Methods
• Refraction Testing
• Testing the Potential Resolving Power of the Retina in the Presence of Opacified Ocular Media
• 16.3 Refractive Anomalies
• Myopia (Shortsightedness)
• Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
• Astigmatism
• Anisometropia
• 16.4 Impaired Accommodation
• Accommodation Spasm
• Accommodation Palsy
• 16.5 Correction of Refractive Errors
• Eyeglass Lenses
• Monofocal Lenses
• Multifocal Lenses
• Special Lenses
• Subjective Refraction Testing for Eyeglasses
• Contact Lenses
• Advantages and Characteristics of Contact Lenses
• Rigid Contact Lenses
• Soft Contact Lenses
• Special Lenses
• Disadvantages of Contact Lenses
• Contact Lens Complications
• Prisms
• Magnifying Vision Aids
• 16.6 Aberrations of Lenses and Eyeglasses
• Chromatic Aberration (Dispersion)
• Spherical Aberration
• Astigmatic Aberration
• Curvature of Field
• 17 Ocular Motility and Strabismus
• 17.1 Basic Knowledge
• 17.2 Concomitant Strabismus
• Forms of Concomitant Strabismus
• Esotropia
• Abnormal Accommodative Convergence / Accommodation Ratio
• Exotropia
• Vertical Deviations (Hypertropia and Hypotropia)
• Diagnosis of Concomitant Strabismus
• Evaluating Ocular Alignment with a Focused Light
• Diagnosis of Infantile Strabismic Amblyopia (Preferential Looking Test)
• Diagnosis of Unilateral and Alternating Strabismus (Unilateral Cover Test)
• Measuring the Angle of Deviation
• Determining the Type of Fixation
• Testing Binocular Vision
• Treatment of Concomitant Strabismus
• Eyeglass Prescription
• Treatment and Avoidance of Strabismic Amblyopia
• Surgery
• 17.3 Heterophoria
• 17.4 Pseudostrabismus
• 17.5 Ophthalmoplegia and Paralytic Strabismus
• 17.6 Nystagmus
• 18 Ocular Trauma
• 18.1 Examination Methods
• 18.2 Classification of Ocular Injuries by Mechanism of Injury
• 18.3 Mechanical Injuries
• Eyelid Injury
• Injuries to the Lacrimal System
• Conjunctival Laceration
• Corneal and Conjunctival Foreign Bodies
• Corneal Erosion
• Blunt Ocular Trauma (Ocular Contusion)
• Blow-Out Fracture
• Open-Globe Injuries
• Impalement Injuries in the Orbit
• 18.4 Chemical Injuries
• 18.5 Injuries Due to Physical Agents
• Ultraviolet Keratoconjunctivitis
• Burns
• Radiation Injuries (Ionizing Radiation)
• 18.6 Indirect Ocular Trauma
• Purtscher’s Retinopathy
• High-Altitude Retinopathy
• 19 Cardinal Symptoms
• Further Reading
• Appendix
• Index