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• Cover Page
• Half-Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright
• About Wolters Kluwer Legal & Regulatory Solutions U.S
• Dedication Page
• Summary of Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Study of Sports Law
• What Is Sports Law?
• A. The Traditional View: “Sports Law” Does Not Exist
• B. The Moderate Position: “Sports Law” May Develop into a Field of Law
• C. “Sports Law”: A Separate Field of Law
• Fundamentals of the Legal System
• Jurisdiction and the Federal and State Court Systems
• A. Federal Courts
• B. State Courts
• C. Tax and Other Specialized Courts
• Civil Procedure
• Using the Case Method to Study Law
• A. Common Law
• 1. Precedent
• 2. How to Brief a Case
• Savino v. Robertson
• Questions
• Chapter 2: Regulating Interscholastic (High School) and Youth Athletics
• Introduction: The Rise of the Regulation of Interscholastic and Youth Athletics at the State, National, and International Levels
• A. Historical Overview
• B. Interscholastic and Youth Athletics Regulatory Structure, Governance, and Administrative Processes
• Judicial Regulation of Interscholastic and Youth Athletics
• A. State Action
• Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association
• Questions
• Notes
• Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association v. Brentwood Academy (Brentwood II)
• Questions
• B. Eligibility Issues
• 1. Transfer Rules
• Indiana High School Athletic Association v. Carlberg
• Notes
• Problem 2-1
• 2. Outside Competition Rules
• Question
• 3. Good Conduct Rules
• Brands v. Sheldon Community School
• Questions
• Notes
• 4. Age Rules
• Cruz v. Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association, Inc.
• Questions
• Problem 2-2
• 5. Grooming Rules
• 6. No-Pass, No Play Rules
• Questions
• 7. Exclusion of Homeschooled Students from Athletic Participation
• Questions
• Note
• C. First and Fourth Amendment Issues
• 1. Drug Testing
• Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
• Questions
• Notes
• Problem 2-3
• 2. Freedom of Speech and Association
• Wildman v. Marshalltown School District
• Questions
• 3. Freedom of Religion
• a. Free Exercise Issues
• Questions
• Note
• Problem 2-4
• b. Establishment Clause Issues
• Questions
• Problem 2-5
• D. Review of Game Results
• Questions
• E. Health and Safety Issues in Youth and Interscholastic Sports
• Questions
• Chapter 3: NCAA Internal Governance of Intercollegiate Athletics and Legal Limits
• Introduction
• A Brief History: NCAA Governance of Intercollegiate Athletics
• Questions
• NCAA Regulatory Authority and Processes
• A. NCAA: History of Regulation and the Rules Infractions Process
• B. Institutional Violations of NCAA Rules and Sanctions
• University of Southern California Infractions Appeals Committee Report No. 323
• Questions
• The Penn State University Case
• Questions
• The University of Miami Case
• Questions
• The University of North Carolina Case
• Questions
• C. Individual Responsibility for NCAA Rules Violations and Sanctions
• Former Head Men’s Basketball Coach University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Public Infractions Appeals Committee Report
• Questions
• Other Cases Involving Coaches
• Questions
• Notes
• Problem 3-1
• Legal Limits on NCAA Regulatory Authority
• A. Federal and State Civil Rights Law
• NCAA v. Smith
• Question
• B. Drug Testing and Privacy
• Questions
• C. Contract and Private Association Laws
• Bloom v. NCAA
• Questions
• D. Federal Antitrust Law
• 1. Nature and Scope of Antitrust Limits on NCAA Regulatory Authority
• 2. Case Law
• NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
• Questions
• Smith v. NCAA
• Notes
• O’Bannon v. NCAA
• Questions
• Chapter 4: Legal Relationships Between the University and Student-Athletes
• Contractual and NCAA Regulatory Dimensions
• A. Introduction
• 1. Contract Formation and Consideration
• a. Mutual Assent
• b. Consideration and Promissory Estoppel
• 2. Modification
• 3. Express and Implied Contracts
• 4. Performance, Breach, and Remedies
• a. Breach
• b. Excuses for Nonperformance
• 5. Damages
• B. Contractual Aspects of the Student-Athlete and University Relationship
• 1. Statement of Financial Assistance
• 2. National Letter of Intent
• Questions
• C. Student-Athlete Financial Aid and Other Benefits
• 1. NCAA Regulations Governing Contracts and Scholarships
• Questions
• Note 122
• D. Defining the Scope of Institutional Obligations to Student-Athletes
• Taylor v. Wake Forest University
• Questions
• Ross v. Creighton University
• Questions
• Notes
• E. NCAA Academic Reform Initiatives
• 1. NCAA Academic Reform Legislation
• 2. Academic Progress Rate
• Questions
• F. Limited Scope of Constitutional Protections
• 1. General Principles: What Is a Property Interest?
• 2. A Property Interest in Athletic Participation?
• Hysaw v. Washburn University of Topeka
• Question
• Notes
• Problem 4-1
• G. Student-Athletes as Employees: Workers’ Compensation
• 1. Workers’ Compensation: General Principles
• 2. Student-Athletes and Workers’ Compensation: Waldrep v. Texas Employers Insurance Association
• Questions
• Note
• 3. Student-Athlete Unionization
• Questions
• Note
• First Amendment Rights in Intercollegiate Athletics
• A. Introduction
• B. The First Amendment and the Media
• Questions
• C. Religious Liberty Issues
• Questions
• Problem 4-2
• Chapter 5: Gender Equity Issues in Athletics
• Introduction
• Historical Perspective
• Gender-Based Exclusion from a Particular Sport
• Force v. Pierce City R-VI School District
• Questions
• Problem 5-1
• Equal Athletic Participation Opportunities, Benefits, and Treatment
• A. Accommodation
• Cohen v. Brown University
• Questions
• Problem 5-2
• B. Equal Benefits and Treatment
• Questions
• Reverse Discrimination Claims and Title IX
• Neal v. Board of Trustees of the California State Universities
• Questions
• Title IX and Sexual Harassment
• A. Coach-Athlete Sexual Harassment
• B. Peer Sexual Harassment
• Questions
• Gender-Based Employment Discrimination in Athletics
• A. Employment Discrimination
• Deli v. University of Minnesota
• Questions
• B. Retaliatory Discharge or Punitive Action
• Chapter 6: Racial Equity Issues in Athletics
• Introduction
• Historical Perspective
• A. Racial Segregation: Intercollegiate Athletics
• 1. Formal Rules of Exclusion
• 2. Informal Rules of Discrimination
• B. Racial Segregation: Professional Sports
• C. The Reintegration of Professional and Amateur Sports
• Race and Racial Equity in Modern Sports: An Evolving Debate
• A. College Sports Coaching and Administrative Opportunities
• 1. Coaching
• 2. Athletic Administration
• B. Professional Sports
• C. Intersections
• 1. Race and Gender
• 2. Race and Economic Exploitation
• 3. Race and Globalization
• Questions
• Case Law
• A. Academic Racism and Marginalization: NCAA Initial Eligibility Rules
• Questions
• Problem 6-1
• B. Employment Discrimination
• Jackson v. University of New Haven
• Questions
• Problem 6-2
• C. Stereotypes Racially Stereotyped Mascots—Racism or Pride?
• Questions
• Problem 6-3
• D. Racially Hostile Environments and Conduct
• Problem 6-4
• Chapter 7: Health, Safety, and Risk Management Issues in Sports
• Introduction
• Liability for Athletics-Related Injuries
• A. Injury to Athletes
• 1. Co-Participant Tort Liability
• Shin v. Ahn
• Questions
• Note
• Problem 7-1
• 2. Co-Participant Criminal Liability
• People v. Schacker
• Regina v. McSorley
• People v. Hall
• Questions
• Note
• Problem 7-2
• Liability of Educational Institutions (and Organizations)
• A. High School
• Kahn v. East Side Union High School District
• Questions
• Notes
• B. Colleges and Universities
• Orr v. Brigham Young University
• Question
• Notes
• Problem 7-3
• C. Injury to Spectators
• Thurmond v. Prince William Professional Baseball Club, Inc.
• Questions
• Notes
• Problem 7-4
• Tort Immunities
• Question
• Problem 7-5
• Validity of Liability Waivers
• Wagenblast v. Odessa School District No. 105-157-166J
• Sharon v. City of Newton
• Questions
• Chapter 8: Sports Medicine, Concussions, Compensation, and Impairment in Sports
• Introduction
• Sports Medicine Malpractice Liability
• A. Team Physicians
• B. Athletic Trainers
• C. Athlete’s Contributory Negligence
• D. Concussion
• Injury Compensation for Professional Athletes
• Pro-Football, Inc. v. Uhlenhake
• Question
• Note
• DePiano v. Montreal Baseball Club, Ltd.
• Participation Rights of Athletes with Physical or Mental Impairments
• A. Rehabilitation Act of 1973
• B. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
• Questions
• Notes
• Problem 8-1
• Chapter 9: Intellectual Property Issues in Sports
• Introduction
• Trademarks, Logos, and Other Identifying Sports Insignia
• A. Trademark Infringement and Unfair Competition
• 1. Name of Sports Team or Event
• 2. Unauthorized Affixation of Sports Team Mark to Merchandise
• National Football League Properties, Inc. v. New Jersey Giants, Inc.
• Question
• Notes
• B. Trademark Dilution
• C. Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act of 1999
• D. Olympic Marks
• Problem 9-1
• Ambush Marketing
• Problem 9-2
• Real-Time Game Accounts and Broadcasting Rights
• A. Historical Background
• B. Nature and Scope of Copyright Law Protection
• C. Copyright Infringement of a Sports Broadcast
• NFL v. TVRadioNow Corp.
• Question
• Note
• D. Misappropriation of Real-Time Game Accounts and Scores
• Problem 9-3
• Athletes’ Lanham Act and State Law Privacy, Reputation, and Publicity Rights
• A. Lanham Act
• B. State Laws
• 1. Defamation
• 2. Right of Privacy
• 3. Right of Publicity
• a. Nature and Scope of the Right of Publicity
• b. First Amendment Limitations
• Problem 9-4
• Chapter 10: Coaches’ Contracts and Related Issues
• Introduction
• Is There a Property Interest in Athletic Employment?
• Questions
• Problem 10-1
• A. Termination
• 1. Constitutes Termination for “Cause”?
• Questions
• 2. Termination for Rules Violations and Non-Sports-Related Indiscretions
• Questions
• Problem 10-2
• 3. Termination for Abusive Conduct
• Question
• Problem 10-3
• 4. Free Speech and Retaliation Issues
• B. Compensation and Other Financial Matters
• Question
• Questions
• Termination, Breach, and Liquidated Damages
• Vanderbilt University v. DiNardo
• Questions
• Note
• Exploring Other Contractual Relationships
• A. Sponsorship Agreements
• B. Venue Agreements
• Chapter 11: Professional Sports League Governance and Legal Regulation
• Introduction
• Origin and Evolution of Modern North American Professional Sports Industries
• A. Evolution of Sports into a Business and Profession
• B. Unique Features of Professional Team Sports
• C. The Principal “Players” in the Professional Sports Industries
• 1. Leagues
• 2. Clubs or Teams
• 3. Commissioners
• 4. Players
• 5. Players Associations
• 6. Player Agents
• 7. Other Industries Integral to Modern Professional Sports
• Internal League Governance and Commissioner Authority
• A. Legal Limits on Internal League Governance
• B. League Commissioner’s “Best Interests of the Game” Authority and Legal Limits
• Charles O. Finley & Co., Inc. v. Kuhn
• Note
• Problem 11-1
• Federal Antitrust Law Limits on League Rules and Governance
• A. Overview
• B. Baseball’s Antitrust Exemption
• Flood v. Kuhn
• Question
• Note
• C. Application of Sherman Act §1
• 1. Concerted Action Requirement
• 2. Unreasonable Restraint of Trade
• a. Acquisition, Ownership, and Sale of a Franchise
• Levin v. NBA
• Note
• b. Franchise Relocation
• c. Restrictions on Intellectual Property Rights Licensing and Sales
• D. Application of Sherman Act §2
• Problem 11-2
• Chapter 12: Professional Sports Labor Law and Labor Relations
• Introduction
• Contract Law
• Questions
• Problem 12-1
• Labor Law
• A. Collective Bargaining in the Professional Sports Industries
• B. Professional Team Sports Drug-Testing Programs
• Questions
• Problem 12-2
• C. Unfair Labor Practices
• 1. League Interference with Players’ Rights to Unionize
• 2. League Refusal to Recognize Union as Exclusive Bargaining Representative
• 3. Retaliation Against Union Activists
• 4. Breach of Duty to Bargain in Good Faith or Provide Relevant Information Concerning Mandatory Subjects of Collective Bargaining
• Silverman v. Major League Baseball Player Relations Committee, Inc. (Silverman I)
• Note
• 5. Discrimination Against Striking Players
• Questions
• D. Union’s Duty of Fair Representation
• E. Labor Arbitration
• National & American League Professional Baseball Clubs v. Major League Baseball Players Association
• Notes
• The Intersection of Antitrust and Labor Law
• Questions
• Chapter 13: Representing Players and Teams: The Athlete-Agent Industry
• The Nature of the Athlete-Agent Relationship
• A. The Agent’s Basic Duties
• B. The Agent’s Standard of Care
• Zinn v. Parrish
• Questions
• C. Agent Financial Improprieties
• Questions
• Problem 13-1
• D. Agent Conflicts of Interest with Athletes
• The Detroit Lions, Inc. v. Argovitz
• Questions
• Problem 13-2
• Competition for Clients: Conflicts Between Agents
• A. Introduction
• B. Consolidation
• C. Termination
• NFLPA Standard Representation Agreement
• D. Disparagement
• E. What Is Permissible Competition?
• Questions
• F. The Issue of Race
• Question
• An International Perspective
• External Regulation and Legislation
• A. Federal Legislation
• 1. SPARTA
• 2. General Federal Laws
• Questions
• B. State Regulation: The UAAA
• Uniform Athlete Agents Act (2000)
• Problem 13-3
• C. Players Associations
• 1. Authority to Regulate
• Question
• 2. Regulating the Athlete-Agent Relationship
• a. Sanctions: Suspensions and Decertification
• b. Fees/Agent Compensation
• c. NFLPA Amendments
• d. MLBPA Amendments
• e. Excerpts of Players Association and NCAA Regulations
• NFLPA Regulations Governing Contract Advisors
• Questions
• NCAA Bylaw, Article 12
• Problem 13-4
• Chapter 14: Olympic and International Sports Issues
• Introduction
• A. Origin, History, and Objectives of the Olympic Games
• B. Organization, Governance, and Structure of the Olympic Movement
• Regulation of Olympic Sports Within the United States
• Question
• Limits on the Use of National Law to Regulate Olympic and International Athletic Competition
• Question
• Problem 14-1
• Court of Arbitration for Sport
• A. Overview
• B. Disputed Competition Results
• Yang Tae Young v. International Gymnastics Federation
• Note
• Problem 14-2
• C. Doping Violations and Sanctions
• 1. Strict Liability Standard, Clear Notice Requirements, and Proportionate Sanctions
• Question
• 2. Interpretation and Application of the World Anti-Doping Code
• Guillermo Cañas v. ATP Tour
• Questions
• Notes
• Developing International Issues
• Notes
• Glossary
• Table of Cases
• Index