Efnisyfirlit

• Kinesiology: The Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Human Movement
• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Information
• Dedication
• Contributors
• Foreword
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Part I: Biomechanical Principles
• Chapter 1: Introduction to Biomechanical Analysis
• Part I: Biomechanical Principles
• Video: Using Basic Biomechanical Principles to Treat a Patient following a Total Knee Replacement
• Chapter 1 Introduction
• Mathematical Overview
• Units of Measurement
• Trigonometry
• Vector Analysis
• Vector Addition
• Vector Multiplication
• Coordinate Systems
• Table 1.1
• Figure 1.1
• Figure 1.2
• Examining the Forces Box 1.1
• Figure
• Figure 1.3
• Figure 1.4
• Forces and Moments
• Forces
• Moments
• Muscle Forces
• Figure 1.5
• Figure 1.6
• Figure 1.7
• Figure 1.8
• Examining the Forces Box 1.2
• Figure
• Statics
• Newton’s Laws
• Solving Problems
• Simple Musculoskeletal Problems
• Linear Forces
• Parallel Forces
• Levers
• Advanced Musculoskeletal Problems
• Force Analysis with a Single Muscle
• Force Analysis with Multiple Muscles
• Examining the Forces Box 1.3
• Figure
• Video: Try to Balance the Rocker Board
• Figure 1.9
• Video: Changing Moment Arm of Manual Resistance
• Video: Base of Support
• Figure 1.10
• Table 1.2: Body Segment Parameters
• Examining the Forces Box 1.4
• Figure
• Examining the Forces Box 1.5
• Figure
• Figure 1.11
• Kinematics
• Rotational and Translational Motion
• Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
• Figure 1.12
• Figure 1.13
• Table 1.3: Kinematic Relationships
• Figure 1.14
• Kinetics
• Inertial Forces
• Work, Energy, and Power
• Friction
• Examining the Forces Box 1.6
• Figure
• Examining the Forces Box 1.7
• Figure
• Figure 1.15
• Summary
• References
• Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Textbooks
• Chapter 2: Mechanical Properties of Materials
• Chapter 2 Introduction
• Basic Material Properties
• Examining the Forces Box 2.1
• Examining the Forces Box 2.2
• Stress and Strain
• Figure 2.1
• Examining the Forces Box 2.3
• Examining the Forces Box 2.4
• Video: Types of Forces
• Figure 2.2
• Figure 2.3
• The Tension Test
• The Basics (Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio)
• Load to Failure
• Figure 2.4
• Video: Stress—Strain Curve
• Figure 2.5
• Figure 2.6
• Figure 2.7
• Examining the Forces Box 2.5
• Figure
• Figure 2.8
• Figure 2.9
• Figure 2.10
• Figure 2.11
• Examining the Forces Box 2.6
• Exhibit 78
• Figure 2.12
• Figure 2.13
• Material Fracture
• Fracture Toughness
• Fatigue
• Figure 2.14
• Figure 2.15
• Video: Fatigue Fracture
• Figure 2.16
• Figure 2.17
• Loading Rate
• Figure 2.18
• Bending and Torsion
• Bending
• Torsion
• Examining the Forces Box 2.7
• Examining the Forces Box 2.8
• Figure
• Figure 2.19
• Examining the Forces Box 2.9
• Examining the Forces Box 2.10
• Figure
• Buckling
• Figure 2.20
• Figure 2.21
• Examining the Forces Box 2.11
• Figure
• Examining the Forces Box 2.12
• Summary
• Additional Reading
• Chapter 3: Biomechanics of Bone
• Chapter 3 Introduction
• Brief Review of Bone Biology, Structure, and Chemical Composition
• Figure 3.1
• Figure 3.2
• Mechanical Properties of Bone
• Material Properties versus Geometry
• Anisotropy
• Elastic Constants of Bone
• Strength
• Fracture Toughness
• Strain Rate
• Video: Anisotropy
• Figure 3.3
• Examining the Forces Box 3.1
• Figure 3.4
• Figure 3.5
• Figure 3.6
• Changes in Mechanical Properties with Age and Activity
• Fracture Healing
• Figure 3.7
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 4: Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscle
• Chapter 4 Introduction
• Structure of Skeletal Muscle
• Structure of an Individual Muscle Fiber
• The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction
• Noncontractile Components of Muscle
• Intracellular Protein
• Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
• Tendons
• Figure 4.1
• Figure 4.2
• Figure 4.3
• Figure 4.4
• Factors That Influence a Muscle’s Ability to Produce a Motion
• Effect of Fiber Length on Joint Excursion
• Architecture of Skeletal Muscle
• Effect of Muscle Moment Arms on Joint Excursion
• Joint Excursion as a Function of Both Fiber Length and the Anatomical Moment Arm of a Muscle
• Figure 4.5
• Figure 4.6
• Figure 4.7
• Figure 4.8
• Figure 4.9
• Factors That Influence a Muscle’s Strength
• Muscle Size and Its Effect on Force Production
• Relationship Between Force Production and Instantaneous Muscle Length (Stretch)
• Relationship Between a Muscle’s Moment Arm and Its Force Production
• Interaction between a Muscle’s Length and Its Moment Arm with Changing Joint Positions
• Relationship between Force Production and Contraction Velocity
• Effects of the Magnitude of the Contraction Velocity on Force Production in Muscle
• Effects of the Direction of Contraction on Force Production in Muscle
• Relationship Between Force Production and Level of Recruitment of Motor Units Within the Muscle
• Relationship Between Force Production and Motor Unit Type
• Figure 4.10
• Figure 4.11
• Figure 4.12
• Figure 4.13
• Figure 4.14
• Figure 4.15
• Video: Stretch-Shortening Cycle
• Figure 4.16
• Figure 4.17
• Figure 4.18
• Figure 4.19
• Video: Factors That Affect Force Production
• Figure 4.20
• Figure 4.21
• Video: Muscle Contraction Type
• Figure 4.22
• Figure 4.23
• Video: Mechanical Advantage of Muscle
• Table 4.1: Characteristics of Motor Unit Types
• Adaptation of Muscle to Altered Function
• Adaptation of Muscle to Prolonged Length Changes
• Changes in Muscle with Prolonged Lengthening
• Changes in Muscle Held in a Shortened Position for a Prolonged Period
• Adaptations of Muscle to Sustained Changes in Activity Level
• Aging as Another Model of Altered Activity
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 5: Biomechanics of Cartilage
• Chapter 5 Introduction
• Figure 5.1
• Composition and Structure of Articular Cartilage
• Figure 5.2
• Figure 5.3
• Table 5.1: Stages in the Development and Progression of Degeneration of Articular Cartilage in Osteoarthritis
• Mechanical Behavior and Modeling
• Video: Simulation of Load Distribution Properties of Cartilage
• Video: Effect of Loading Rate
• Material Properties
• Figure 5.4
• Figure 5.5
• Figure 5.6
• Figure 5.7
• Examining the Forces Box 5.1
• Relationship between Mechanical Properties and Composition
• Figure 5.8
• Figure 5.9
• Mechanical Failure of Cartilage
• Figure 5.10
• Figure 5.11
• Figure 5.12
• Figure 5.13
• Figure 5.14
• Joint Lubrication
• Models of Osteoarthritis
• Exercise and Cartilage Health
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 6: Biomechanics of Tendons and Ligaments
• Chapter 6 Introduction
• Structure of Connective Tissue
• Composition of Tendons and Ligaments
• Extracellular Matrix: Fibers
• Extracellular Matrix: Ground Substance
• Entheses: Insertion of Tendon or Ligament into Bone
• Figure 6.1
• Table 6.1: Differences Between the Structure and Composition of Tendons and Ligaments
• Figure 6.2
• Figure 6.3
• Mechanical Properties
• Determination of Stress and Strain
• Stress–Strain Curve for Tendons and Ligaments
• Modes of Failure
• Effects of Physical Conditions on Mechanical Properties
• Effects of Rate and Duration of Force Application
• Effects of Temperature
• Biological Effects on Mechanical Properties
• Effects of Maturation and Aging
• Effect of Hormones
• Figure 6.4
• Figure 6.5
• Figure 6.6
• Table 6.2: Peak Strain in Human Anterior Cruciate Ligaments During Selected Rehabilitation Activities (n = 8–18)
• Video: Viscoelastic Material Properties
• Figure 6.7
• Figure 6.8
• Figure 6.9
• Figure 6.10
• Response of Tendons and Ligaments to Stress Deprivation
• Immobilization and Remobilization of Normal Connective Tissue
• Immobilization and Mobilization in Healing Connective Tissue
• Figure 6.11
• Figure 6.12
• Figure 6.13
• Response of Tendons and Ligaments to Stress Enhancement
• Figure 6.14
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 7: Biomechanics of Joints
• Chapter 7 Introduction
• Classification and Structure of Human Joints
• Diarthroses
• Joint Capsule and Synovial Membrane
• Joint Motion
• Classification of Motion
• Planes and Axes of Motion
• Degrees of Freedom
• Combining Translation and Rotation in a Synovial Joint
• Instant Center of Rotation
• Classification of Synovial Joints
• Video: Axes and Planes of Motion
• Figure 7.1
• Figure 7.2
• Figure 7.3
• Figure 7.4
• Figure 7.5
• Figure 7.6
• Figure 7.7
• Table 7.1: Classification of Synovial Joints
• Factors Influencing Motion at a Joint
• The Effect of Joint Structure on Joint Motion
• Joint Surfaces
• Ligamentous Support
• External Forces on a Joint
• Interactions Between Joints and the External Environment
• Figure 7.8
• Figure 7.9
• Figure 7.10
• Figure 7.11
• Figure 7.12
• Video: Forces on the Knee During Stair Climbing
• Figure 7.13
• Figure 7.14
• Video: Open-Chain and Closed-Chain Activities
• Summary
• References
• Part Ii: Kinesiology of the Upper Extremity. Unit I: Shoulder Unit: The Shoulder Complex
• Chapter 8: Structure and Function of the Bones and Joints of the Shoulder Complex
• Part II: Kinesiology of the Upper Extremity
• Figure
• Video: Using Observations and Clinical Tests to Assess a Patient with Scapular Dyskinesis
• Unit 1: Shoulder Unit: The Shoulder Complex
• Figure
• Chapter 8 Introduction
• Structure of the Bones of the Shoulder Complex
• Clavicle
• Scapula
• Proximal Humerus
• Sternum and Thorax
• Figure 8.1
• Figure 8.2
• Figure 8.3
• Figure 8.4
• Figure 8.5
• Figure 8.6
• Figure 8.7
• Figure 8.8
• Figure 8.9
• Figure 8.10
• Figure 8.11
• Video: Palpations of the Shoulder Complex
• Structure of the Joints and Supporting Structures of the Shoulder Complex
• Sternoclavicular Joint
• Acromioclavicular Joint
• Scapulothoracic Joint
• Glenohumeral Joint
• Supporting Structures of the Glenohumeral Joint
• Motions of the Glenohumeral Joint
• Figure 8.12
• Figure 8.13
• Figure 8.14
• Figure 8.15
• Figure 8.16
• Figure 8.17
• Figure 8.18
• Figure 8.19
• Figure 8.20
• Figure 8.21
• Figure 8.22
• Figure 8.23
• Figure 8.24
• Figure 8.25
• Figure 8.26
• Figure 8.27
• Video: Stability Testing at the Glenohumeral Joint
• Figure 8.28
• Video: Motions of the Shoulder Complex
• Total Shoulder Movement
• Movement of the Scapula and Humerus during Arm–Trunk Elevation
• Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular Motion during Arm–Trunk Elevation
• Impairments in Individual Joints and Their Effects on Shoulder Motion
• Loss of Glenohumeral or Scapulothoracic Joint Motion
• Loss of Sternoclavicular or Acromioclavicular Joint Motion
• Figure 8.29
• Figure 8.30
• Table 8.1: Reported Average Ratios of Glenohumeral to Scapulothoracic Motion During Active Arm–Trunk Elevation in the Plane of the Scapula
• Video: Changes in Scapular Motion with Too Much Load
• Figure 8.31
• Figure 8.32
• Figure 8.33
• Video: Scapular Substitutions for Medial and Lateral Rotation
• Figure 8.34
• Shoulder Range of Motion
• Table 8.2: Normal ROM Values from the Literature (in Degrees)
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 9: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Muscle Activity at the Shoulder Complex
• Chapter 9 Introduction
• Figure 9.1
• Axioscapular and Axioclavicular Muscles
• Trapezius
• Actions of the Upper Trapezius
• Effects of Weakness of the Upper Trapezius
• Effects of Tightness of the Upper Trapezius
• Actions of the Middle Trapezius
• Weakness of the Middle Trapezius
• Tightness of the Middle Trapezius
• Actions of the Lower Trapezius
• Weakness of the Lower Trapezius
• Tightness of the Lower Trapezius
• Actions of the Entire Trapezius
• Serratus Anterior
• Actions of the Serratus Anterior
• Weakness of the Serratus Anterior
• Consequences of Weakness of the Serratus Anterior and Trapezius Muscles
• Tightness of the Serratus Anterior
• Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Major, and Rhomboid Minor
• Actions of the Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Major, and Rhomboid Minor
• Weakness of the Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Major, and Rhomboid Minor
• Tightness of the Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Major, and Rhomboid Minor
• Pectoralis Minor
• Action
• Weakness of the Pectoralis Minor
• Tightness of the Pectoralis Minor
• Subclavius
• Actions of the Subclavius
• Effects of Weakness and Tightness of the Subclavius
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Summary of Axioscapular and Axioclavicular Muscles
• Figure 9.2
• Figure 9.3
• Figure 9.4
• Figure 9.5
• Figure 9.6
• Figure 9.7
• Figure 9.8
• Figure 9.9
• Figure 9.10
• Figure 9.11
• Figure 9.12
• Figure 9.13
• Figure 9.14
• Figure 9.15
• Figure 9.16
• Figure 9.17
• Figure 9.18
• Figure 9.19
• Figure 9.20
• Figure 9.21
• Figure 9.22
• Video: Tight Pectoralis Minor
• Scapulohumeral Muscles
• Deltoid
• Actions of the Anterior Deltoid
• Effects of Weakness of the Anterior Deltoid
• Effects of Tightness of the Anterior Deltoid
• Actions of the Posterior Deltoid
• Effects of Weakness of the Posterior Deltoid
• Effects of Tightness of the Posterior Deltoid
• Actions of the Middle Deltoid
• Effects of Weakness of the Middle Deltoid
• Effects of Tightness of the Middle Deltoid
• Supraspinatus
• Actions of the Supraspinatus
• Effects of Weakness of the Supraspinatus
• Effects of Tightness of the Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Actions of the Infraspinatus
• Effects of Weakness of the Infraspinatus
• Effects of Tightness of the Infraspinatus
• Teres Minor
• Actions of the Teres Minor
• Effects of Weakness of the Teres Minor
• Effects of Tightness of the Teres Minor
• Subscapularis
• Actions of the Subscapularis
• Effects of Weakness of the Subscapularis
• Effects of Tightness of the Subscapularis
• Dynamic Stabilization by the Rotator Cuff
• Coordinated Activity of Deltoid and Rotator Cuff Muscles during Shoulder Elevation
• Teres Major
• Effects of Weakness of the Teres Major
• Effects of Tightness of the Teres Major
• Coracobrachialis
• Effects of Weakness or Tightness of the Coracobrachialis
• Summary of the Scapulohumeral Muscles
• Figure 9.23
• Figure 9.24
• Figure 9.25
• Video: EMG of the Deltoid
• Figure 9.26
• Figure 9.27
• Figure 9.28
• Figure 9.29
• Figure 9.30
• Figure 9.31
• Figure 9.32
• Figure 9.33
• Figure 9.34
• Figure 9.35
• Figure 9.36
• Axiohumeral Muscles
• Pectoralis Major
• Actions of the Pectoralis Major
• Effects of Weakness of the Pectoralis Major
• Effects of Tightness of the Pectoralis Major
• Actions of the Pectoralis Major—clavicular Portion
• Effects of Weakness of the Clavicular Portion of the Pectoralis Major
• Effects of Tightness of the Clavicular Portion of the Pectoralis Major
• Actions of the Pectoralis Major—sternal Portion
• Effects of Weakness of the Sternal Portion of the Pectoralis Major
• Effects of Tightness of the Sternal Portion of the Pectoralis Major
• Latissimus Dorsi
• Actions of the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
• Effects of Weakness of the Latissimus Dorsi
• Effects of Tightness of the Latissimus Dorsi
• Shoulder Depression
• Summary of the Axiohumeral Muscles
• Video: Muscle Activity While Throwing a Ball
• Figure 9.37
• Figure 9.38
• Figure 9.39
• Figure 9.40
• Figure 9.41
• Figure 9.42
• Figure 9.43
• Muscle Strength Comparisons
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 10: Analysis of the Forces on the Shoulder Complex During Activity
• Chapter 10 Introduction
• Two-Dimensional Analysis of the Forces on the Glenohumeral Joint
• Examining the Forces Box 10.1
• Figure
• Figure 10.1
• Figure 10.2
• Figure 10.3
• Figure 10.4
• Figure 10.5
• Video: External Moments of the Shoulder
• Examining the Forces Box 10.2
• Figure
• Mechanical Demands Placed on Structures Throughout the Shoulder Complex
• Forces on the Shoulder Complex When the Upper Extremity Is Used for Propulsion
• Video: Free-Body Diagram of the Humerus During a Wheelchair Push-Up
• Connections between Analyses of Joint and Muscle Forces and Clinical Practice
• Summary
• References
• Unit 2: Elbow Unit
• Chapter 11: Structure and Function of the Bones and Noncontractile Elements of the Elbow
• Unit 2: Elbow Unit
• Chapter 11 Introduction
• Structure of the Bones of the Elbow
• Distal Humerus
• Proximal Ulna
• Proximal Radius
• Figure 11.1
• Figure 11.2
• Figure 11.3
• Figure 11.4
• Figure 11.5
• Figure 11.6
• Figure 11.7
• Figure 11.8
• Figure 11.9
• Figure 11.10
• Figure 11.11
• Figure 11.12
• Video: Palpations of the Elbow
• Articulations and Supporting Structures of the Elbow
• Humeroulnar and Humeroradial Articulations
• Humeroulnar Articulation
• Humeroradial Articulation
• Superior Radioulnar Joint
• Annular Ligament
• Oblique Cord and Interosseous Membrane
• Motion of the Elbow Joint
• Flexion and Extension
• Pronation and Supination
• Ranges of Elbow Motion Reported in the Literature
• Structures Limiting Normal ROM at the Elbow
• Comparison of the Shoulder and the Elbow
• Figure 11.13
• Figure 11.14
• Figure 11.15
• Figure 11.16
• Figure 11.17
• Figure 11.18
• Figure 11.19
• Figure 11.20
• Figure 11.21
• Figure 11.22
• Figure 11.23
• Figure 11.24
• Figure 11.25
• Figure 11.26
• Figure 11.27
• Video: Pronation and Supination with Fixed Ulna
• Figure 11.28
• Video: Pronation and Supination with Moving Ulna
• Table 11.1: Normal Passive ROM Values from the Literature (in Degrees)
• Video: Elbow Positions in Various Activities
• Video: Compensation for Limited Pronation ROM
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 12: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Muscle Activity at the Elbow
• Chapter 12 Introduction
• Elbow Flexor Muscles
• Biceps Brachii
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Brachialis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Brachioradialis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Pronator Teres
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Comparisons Among the Elbow Flexors
• Structural Comparisons of the Elbow Flexors
• Comparisons of Flexor Muscle Activity during Elbow Motion Using EMG Data
• Figure 12.1
• Figure 12.2
• Video: Active Insufficiency of the Biceps Brachii
• Figure 12.3
• Video: Effect of Shoulder Position on Elbow Flexion Strength
• Figure 12.4
• Video: EMG Activity of the Elbow Flexors and Extensors
• Figure 12.5
• Figure 12.6
• Figure 12.7
• Figure 12.8
• Figure 12.9
• Figure 12.10
• Figure 12.11
• Figure 12.12
• Figure 12.13
• Figure 12.14
• Figure 12.15
• Table 12.1: Summary of EMG Data for the Elbow Flexor Muscles
• Figure 12.16
• Figure 12.17
• Elbow Extensor Muscles
• Triceps Brachii
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Anconeus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Figure 12.18
• Figure 12.19
• Figure 12.20
• Figure 12.21
• Supinator Muscles
• Supinator
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Figure 12.22
• Figure 12.23
• Comparisons of the Strength of Elbow Flexion and Extension
• Table 12.2: Strength of Elbow Flexor and Extensor Muscle Groups Reported in the Literature
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 13: Analysis of the Forces at the Elbow During Activity
• Chapter 13 Introduction
• Analysis of the Forces Exerted at the Elbow
• Forces on the Elbow During Simple Upper Extremity Lifting Techniques
• Forces on the Elbow During Upper Extremity Weight Bearing
• Examining the Forces Box 13.1
• Figure
• Figure 13.1
• Examining the Forces Box 13.2
• Figure
• Figure 13.2
• Examining the Forces Box 13.3
• Figure
• Figure 13.3
• Video: Elbow Moments During a Push-Up
• Figure 13.4
• Video: Effect of Seat Height on Wheelchair Push-Up
• Stresses Applied to the Articular Surfaces of the Elbow
• Figure 13.5
• Figure 13.6
• Figure 13.7
• Summary
• References
• Unit 3: Wrist and Hand Unit
• Chapter 14: Structure and Function of the Bones and Joints of the Wrist and Hand
• Unit 3: Wrist and Hand Unit
• Figure
• Chapter 14 Introduction
• Structure of the Bones of the Wrist and Hand
• Distal Radius and Shaft
• Distal Ulna and Shaft
• Carpal Bones
• Scaphoid (Also Known as the Navicular)
• Lunate
• Triquetrum
• Pisiform
• Trapezium (Formerly Known as the Greater Multangular)
• Trapezoid (Formerly Known as the Lesser Multangular)
• Capitate
• Hamate
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
• Sesamoid Bones
• Bony Landmarks
• Figure 14.1
• Figure 14.2
• Figure 14.3
• Figure 14.4
• Figure 14.5
• Figure 14.6
• Figure 14.7
• Figure 14.8
• Figure 14.9
• Figure 14.10
• Figure 14.11
• Figure 14.12
• Figure 14.13
• Figure 14.14
• Figure 14.15
• Figure 14.16
• Figure 14.17
• Figure 14.18
• Figure 14.19
• Figure 14.20
• Figure 14.21
• Figure 14.22
• Video: Palpations of the Wrist and Hand
• Articulations and Supporting Structures of the Joints of the Wrist and Hand
• Distal Radioulnar Joint
• Supporting Structures of the Distal Radioulnar Joint
• Motions of the Distal Radioulnar Joint
• Joints of the Wrist
• Radiocarpal Joint
• Midcarpal Joint
• Intercarpal Joints
• Extracapsular Supporting Structures of the Wrist
• Movements of the Wrist
• Movement in the Proximal Row of Carpal Bones
• Global Wrist Motions
• Wrist ROM Reported in the Literature
• Carpometacarpal Joints
• CMC Joint of the Thumb
• CMC and Intermetacarpal Joints of the Fingers
• MCP Joints of the Digits
• MCP Joint of the Thumb
• MCP Joints of the Fingers
• Interphalangeal Joints of the Fingers and Thumb
• Figure 14.23
• Figure 14.24
• Figure 14.25
• Figure 14.26
• Figure 14.27
• Figure 14.28
• Figure 14.29
• Figure 14.30
• Figure 14.31
• Table 14.1: Extrinsic Ligaments of the Wrist
• Table 14.2: Intrinsic Ligaments of the Wrist
• Figure 14.32
• Figure 14.33
• Figure 14.34
• Figure 14.35
• Figure 14.36
• Table 14.3: Normal ROM Values for Wrist Movement from the Literature
• Figure 14.37
• Video: Wrist Extension Range During Functional Activities
• Figure 14.38
• Figure 14.39
• Video: Diagonal Patterns of Movement in the Wrist
• Figure 14.40
• Figure 14.41
• Table 14.4: Normal ROM Values from the Literature for Motion of the CMC of the Thumb
• Figure 14.42
• Figure 14.43
• Figure 14.44
• Figure 14.45
• Figure 14.46
• Figure 14.47
• Figure 14.48
• Figure 14.49
• Figure 14.50
• Table 14.5: Normal ROM Values (°) from the Literature for Motion of the MCP of the Fingers
• Figure 14.51
• Figure 14.52
• Figure 14.53
• Table 14.6: Normal ROM Values (°) from the Literature for Motion of the Interphalangeal Joint of the Thumb and the PIP Joints of Fingers
• Table 14.7: Normal ROM Values(°) from the Literature for Motion of the DIP Joints of the Fingers
• Figure 14.54
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 15: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of the Muscles of the Forearm
• Chapter 15 Introduction
• Figure 15.1
• Superficial Muscles on the Volar Surface of the Forearm
• Pronator Teres
• Flexor Carpi Radialis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Palmaris Longus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (Also Known as Flexor Digitorum Sublimis)
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Figure 15.2
• Figure 15.3
• Figure 15.4
• Figure 15.5
• Figure 15.6
• Figure 15.7
• Figure 15.8
• Figure 15.9
• Figure 15.10
• Superficial Muscles on the Dorsal Surface of the Forearm
• Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Extensor Digitorum (Also Known as Extensor Digitorum Communis)
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Extensor Digiti Minimi (Also Known as Extensor Digiti Quinti)
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Figure 15.11
• Figure 15.12
• Figure 15.13
• Figure 15.14
• Figure 15.15
• Figure 15.16
• Video: Electrical Stimulation of the Extensor Digitorum
• Figure 15.17
• Figure 15.18
• Figure 15.19
• Figure 15.20
• Figure 15.21
• Combined Actions of the Five Dedicated Wrist Muscles
• Figure 15.22
• Deep Muscles on the Volar Surface of the Forearm
• Flexor Digitorum Profundus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Flexor Pollicis Longus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Pronator Quadratus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Figure 15.23
• Figure 15.24
• Figure 15.25
• Figure 15.26
• Figure 15.27
• Deep Muscles on the Dorsal Surface of the Forearm
• Supinator
• Abductor Pollicis Longus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Extensor Pollicis Brevis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Extensor Pollicis Longus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Extensor Indicis (Also Known as the Extensor Indicis Proprius)
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Figure 15.28
• Figure 15.29
• Figure 15.30
• Figure 15.31
• Figure 15.32
• Figure 15.33
• Figure 15.34
• Figure 15.35
• Figure 15.36
• Synergistic Function of the Forearm Muscles to the Wrist and Hand
• Active Coordination Between the Dedicated Wrist Muscles and the Finger Muscles
• Passive Interactions Between the Dedicated Wrist Muscles and the Finger Muscles
• Figure 15.37
• Figure 15.38
• Video: Effect of Wrist Position on Strength
• Video: EMG Activity of Wrist Extensors During Powerful Grasp
• Figure 15.39
• Comparisons of Strengths in Muscles of the Forearm
• Pronation Versus Supination
• Wrist Flexion Versus Extension
• Radial Versus Ulnar Deviation of the Wrist
• Finger Flexion Versus Extension
• Table 15.1: Approximate Physiological Cross-Sectional Areas (PCSA) and Moment Arms for the Five Primary Dedicated Wrist Muscles
• Figure 15.40
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 16: Analysis of the Forces at the Wrist During Activity
• Chapter 16 Introduction
• Analysis of Forces at the Wrist
• Figure 16.1
• Examining the Forces Box 16.1
• Figure
• Review of the Forces on the Wrist
• Figure 16.2
• Figure 16.3
• Video: Forces on the Wrist
• Figure 16.4
• Video: Turning a Key
• Figure 16.5
• Figure 16.6
• Analysis of Stresses Applied to the Wrist Joint During Activity
• Clinical Implications of Studies Analyzing the Forces and Stresses on the Wrist
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 17: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of the Special Connective Tissues in the Hand
• Chapter 17 Introduction
• Landmarks within the Hand
• Figure 17.1
• Figure 17.2
• Connective Tissue in the Hand
• Palmar Aponeuroses
• Retinacular, or Pulley, Systems
• Retinacular Systems at the Wrist
• Retinacular Systems at the Digits
• Tendon Sheaths
• Structures that Anchor the Flexor and Extensor Apparatus of the Fingers
• Figure 17.3
• Figure 17.4
• Video: Dupuytren’s Contracture
• Figure 17.5
• Figure 17.6
• Video: Bowstringing
• Figure 17.7
• Figure 17.8
• Figure 17.9
• Figure 17.10
• Figure 17.11
• Figure 17.12
• Figure 17.13
• Figure 17.14
• Figure 17.15
• Figure 17.16
• Figure 17.17
• Figure 17.18
• Figure 17.19
• Figure 17.20
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 18: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of the Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
• Chapter 18 Introduction
• Primary Intrinsic Movers of the Thumb
• Abductor Pollicis Brevis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness of the Abductor Pollicis Brevis
• Flexor Pollicis Brevis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Opponens Pollicis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Adductor Pollicis
• Actions
• Effects of Tightness and Weakness
• Figure 18.1
• Video: Thumb Motion While Using Scissors
• Figure 18.2
• Figure 18.3
• Figure 18.4
• Figure 18.5
• Video: Froment’s Sign
• Figure 18.6
• Primary Intrinsic Movers of the Little Finger
• Abductor Digiti Minimi (Also Known as the Abductor Digiti Quinti)
• Actions
• Flexor Digiti Minimi (Also Known as Flexor Digiti Quinti)
• Actions
• Opponens Digiti Minimi (Also Known as Opponens Digiti Quinti)
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness of the Hypothenar Muscles
• Figure 18.7
• Figure 18.8
• Figure 18.9
• Figure 18.10
• Interossei and Lumbricals
• Dorsal Interossei
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Palmar Interossei
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Lumbrical Muscles
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness of the Lumbrical, Interosseous, and Hypothenar Muscles
• Figure 18.11
• Figure 18.12
• Video: Weakness of Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
• Figure 18.13
• Table 18.1: Muscles Active During Combined Movements and Postures of the MCP and IP Joints of the Fingers
• Figure 18.14
• Figure 18.15
• Figure 18.16
• Classic Deformities Resulting from Muscle Imbalances in the Hand
• Ulnar Nerve Injury
• Ulnar Nerve Injuries at the Wrist
• Ulnar Nerve Injury at the Elbow
• Median Nerve Injury
• Median Nerve Injury at the Wrist
• Median Nerve Injury at the Elbow
• Radial Nerve Injury
• Sensory Deficits Associated with Nerve Injuries to the Hand
• Figure 18.17
• Figure 18.18
• Figure 18.19
• Figure 18.20
• Figure 18.21
• Figure 18.22
• Figure 18.23
• Figure 18.24
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 19: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Pinch and Grasp
• Chapter 19 Introduction
• Prehension
• Necessary Elements of Pinch
• Requirements of Normal Pinch
• Effects of Abnormal Joint Positions and Muscle Weakness on Pinch Mechanics
• Necessary Elements of Powerful Grasp
• Requirements of Normal Powerful Grasp
• Comparisons between Pinch and Grasp
• Figure 19.1
• Figure 19.2
• Video: Variety of Normal Pinch and Grasp Strategies
• Figure 19.3
• Figure 19.4
• Table 19.1: Positions of the Joints of the Thumb and Finger in Tip-to-Tip Pinch
• Figure 19.5
• Figure 19.6
• Figure 19.7
• Figure 19.8
• Figure 19.9
• Figure 19.10
• Figure 19.11
• Figure 19.12
• Table 19.2: Reported Peak Grip and Pinch Strengths in Men and Women in Kilogram
• Forces on the Fingers and Thumb During Activities
• Analysis of the Forces in the Fingers
• Review of the Forces Generated During Pinch and Grasp
• Figure 19.13
• Examining the Forces Box 19.1
• Figure
• Video: Forceful Pinch with Intrinsic Weakness
• Figure 19.14
• Examining the Forces Box 19.2
• Figure
• Examining the Forces Box 19.3
• Figure
• Figure 19.15
• Table 19.3: Reported Joint Reaction Forces Generated at the PIP and MCP Joints when Twisting a Jar Lid
• Figure 19.16
• Figure 19.17
• Figure 19.18
• Using Force Analysis to Make Clinical Decisions
• How Forces Contribute to the Finger Deformity of Ulnar Drift with Volar Subluxation
• Protecting a Surgically Repaired Tendon in the Finger
• Relationship Between the Forces in the Finger Flexor Muscles and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Forces Are Key in Ergonomic Assessments of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Figure 19.19
• Figure 19.20
• Figure 19.21
• Figure 19.22
• Figure 19.23
• Summary
• References
• Part Iii: Kinesiology of the Head and Spine. Unit 4: Musculoskeletal Functions Within the Head
• Chapter 20: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of the Muscles of the Face and Eyes
• Part III: Kinesiology of the Head and Spine
• Figure
• Video: Using Spinal Biomechanics to Understand Scoliosis
• Unit 4: Musculoskeletal Functions Within the Head
• Chapter 20 Introduction
• Distribution of the Facial Nerve
• Figure 20.1
• Video: Electrical Stimulation of Branches of the Facial Nerve
• Muscles Innervated by the Facial Nerve
• Muscles of the Scalp and Ears
• Frontalis and Occipitalis
• Actions
• Auriculares Anterior, Superior, and Posterior
• Action
• Facial Muscles Surrounding the Eyes
• Orbicularis Oculi
• Levator Palpebrae Superioris
• Action
• Corrugator
• Action
• Muscles of the Nose
• Procerus
• Action
• Nasalis
• Actions
• Dilator Naris
• Actions
• Depressor Septi
• Action
• Muscles of the Mouth
• Orbicularis Oris
• Actions
• Mentalis
• Actions
• Zygomaticus
• Actions
• Risorius
• Actions
• Levator Labii Superioris and Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
• Actions
• Levator Anguli Oris (Also Known as Caninus)
• Actions
• Depressor Labii Inferioris
• Actions
• Depressor Anguli Oris
• Actions
• Platysma
• Actions
• Buccinator
• Actions
• Figure 20.2
• Figure 20.3
• Figure 20.4
• Figure 20.5
• Figure 20.6
• Figure 20.7
• Figure 20.8
• Figure 20.9
• Figure 20.10
• Figure 20.11
• Figure 20.12
• Figure 20.13
• Figure 20.14
• Figure 20.15
• Figure 20.16
• Figure 20.17
• Figure 20.18
• Figure 20.19
• Figure 20.20
• Figure 20.21
• Muscles That Move the Eyes
• Medial and Lateral Rectus Muscles
• Actions
• Superior and Inferior Rectus Muscles
• Actions
• Actions
• Superior Oblique
• Actions
• Inferior Oblique
• Actions
• Weakness of the Muscles That Move the Eye
• Figure 20.22
• Figure 20.23
• Figure 20.24
• Figure 20.25
• Figure 20.26
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 21: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Vocalization
• Chapter 21 Introduction
• Larynx
• Laryngeal Cartilages
• Cricoid Cartilage
• Thyroid Cartilage
• Epiglottis
• Arytenoid Cartilages
• Corniculate and Cuneiform Cartilages
• Figure 21.1
• Figure 21.2
• Figure 21.3
• Figure 21.4
• Figure 21.5
• Figure 21.6
• Figure 21.7
• Figure 21.8
• Figure 21.9
• Figure 21.10
• Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx
• Muscles That Close the Vocal Cords
• Actions of the Transverse and Oblique Interarytenoid Muscles
• Action of the Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscles
• Muscles That Open the Vocal Cords
• Action of the Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles
• Muscles That Alter the Tension in the Vocal Cords
• Action of the Cricothyroid Muscle
• Action of the Thyroarytenoid Muscle
• Figure 21.11
• Figure 21.12
• Figure 21.13
• Figure 21.14
• Mechanism of Voice Production
• Phonation
• Resonance and Pronunciation
• Common Abnormalities in Voice Production
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 22: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Swallowing
• Chapter 22 Introduction
• Food Pathway from Mouth to Stomach
• Figure 22.1
• Muscles of the Mouth
• Muscles of the Tongue
• Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
• Actions
• Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
• Actions
• Muscles of the Soft Palate
• Levator Veli Palatini
• Tensor Veli Palatini
• Musculus Uvulae
• Palatopharyngeus
• Muscles of the Pharynx
• Superior, Middle, and Inferior Constrictor Muscles
• Suprahyoid Muscles
• Digastric
• Actions
• Stylohyoid
• Actions
• Mylohyoid
• Actions
• Geniohyoid
• Actions
• Infrahyoid Muscles
• Actions
• Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx
• Figure 22.2
• Figure 22.3
• Figure 22.4
• Figure 22.5
• Figure 22.6
• Figure 22.7
• Figure 22.8
• Figure 22.9
• Figure 22.10
• Figure 22.11
• Figure 22.12
• Video: Effect of Mouth Position on Cervical Spine Extension ROM
• Normal Sequence of Swallowing
• Oral Phase
• Pharyngeal Phase
• Esophageal Phase
• Video: Normal Swallow
• Video: Effect of Forward Head on Swallowing
• Common Abnormalities in Swallowing
• Impairments of the Oral Preparatory Phase
• Impairments of the Oral Phase
• Impairments of the Pharyngeal Phase
• Impairments of the Esophageal Phase
• Signs of Swallowing Impairment
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Articular Structures of the TMJ
• Chapter 23 Introduction
• Bony Structures That Constitute and Influence the TMJ
• Cranium
• Temporal Bone
• Sphenoid Bone
• Zygomatic, Maxilla, and Palatine Bones
• Mandible
• Figure 23.1
• Figure 23.2
• Figure 23.3
• Figure 23.4
• Figure 23.5
• Figure 23.6
• Figure 23.7
• Figure 23.8
• Video: Palpations of the TMJ
• Figure 23.9
• Articular Structures of the TMJ
• Articular Disc
• Joint Capsule and Ligaments
• Joint Capsule
• Temporomandibular Ligament
• The Stylomandibular and Sphenomandibular Ligaments
• The Discomalleolar Ligament and the Malleomandibular Ligaments
• Figure 23.10
• Figure 23.11
• Figure 23.12
• Figure 23.13
• Articular Functions of the TMJ
• Static Positions of the TMJ
• Functional Motions of the TMJ
• Opening and Closing the Mouth
• Protrusion, Retrusion, and Lateral Motion
• Disc Movement
• Normal Ranges of Motion at the TMJ
• Video: Temporomandibular Joint Motion
• Figure 23.14
• Video: TMJ Click
• Table 23.1: Normal Range of Motion of the Mandible
• Figure 23.15
• Relationship Between the Head and Neck and the TMJ
• Video: Effect of Neck Posture on Mandibular Movement
• Figure 23.16
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 24: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of the Muscles of the TMJ
• Chapter 24 Introduction
• Muscles of Mastication
• Masseter
• Actions
• Temporalis
• Actions
• Medial Pterygoid
• Actions
• Lateral Pterygoid
• Actions
• Accessory Muscles
• Figure 24.1
• Figure 24.2
• Figure 24.3
• Figure 24.4
• Figure 24.5
• Figure 24.6
• Figure 24.7
• Figure 24.8
• Figure 24.9
• Figure 24.10
• Figure 24.11
• Figure 24.12
• Figure 24.13
• Video: Facilitation of Symmetrical Mouth Opening
• Mastication
• Mandibular Motion During Chewing
• Muscle Activity During Mastication
• Muscles That Move the Mandible during Mastication
• Stabilization of the Balancing Side of the Mandible
• Maintain Appropriate Alignment between the Disc and Mandibular Condyle
• Control Food Location
• Figure 24.14
• Video: Chewing
• Figure 24.15
• Figure 24.16
• Figure 24.17
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 25: Analysis of the Forces on the TMJ During Activity
• Chapter 25 Introduction
• Two-Dimensional Analysis of the Forces in the TMJ Complex
• Examining the Forces Box 25.1
• Figure
• Examining the Forces Box 25.2
• Figure
• Video: Bite
• Results from Sophisticated Modeling of the TMJ
• Bite Force
• Joint Reaction Forces
• Video: Loads on the TMJ During Chewing
• Figure 25.1
• Figure 25.2
• Summary
• References
• Unit 5: Spine Unit
• Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Bones and Joints of the Cervical Spine
• Unit 5: Spine Unit
• Chapter 26 Introduction
• Structure of the Bones of the Cervical Spine
• Craniovertebral Vertebrae
• Atlas
• Axis
• Lower Column C3–C7 Vertebrae
• Figure 26.1
• Figure 26.2
• Figure 26.3
• Figure 26.4
• Figure 26.5
• Figure 26.6
• Figure 26.7
• Video: Palpations of the Cervical Spine
• Joints of the Cervical Spine
• Craniovertebral Joints
• Ligaments of the Craniovertebral Joints
• Joints of the Lower Cervical Spine
• Interbody Joints
• Zygapophysial Joints
• Ligaments of the Lower Cervical Spine
• Figure 26.8
• Figure 26.9
• Figure 26.10
• Figure 26.11
• Figure 26.12
• Figure 26.13
• Figure 26.14
• Normal Range of Motion
• Total Motion of the Cervical Spine
• Segmental Motion of the Craniovertebral Joints
• Atlanto-Occipital Joints
• Atlantoaxial Joints
• Segmental Craniovertebral Motion
• Segmental Motion of the Lower Cervical Region
• Video: Cervical Spine Flexion and Extension
• Table 26.1: Reported Extremes of Active Range of Motion
• Table 26.2: Reported Extremes of Passive Range of Motion
• Table 26.3: Range of Flexion–Extension at the Atlanto-Occipital Joint
• Table 26.4: Range of Motion for Lateral Flexion and Axial Rotation at the Atlantooccipital Joint
• Video: Cervical Spine Rotation
• Figure 26.15
• Table 26.5: Average Motion at the Atlantoaxial Joint Complex
• Figure 26.16
• Video: Lateral Flexion and Rotation of the Cervical Spine
• Figure 26.17
• Table 26.6: Normal Ranges of Segmental Motion During Cervical Spine Flexion and Extension
• Table 26.7: Mean Values and Ranges of Segmental Axial Rotation
• Table 26.8: Normal Range of Axial Rotation with Coupled Flexion–Extension and Side Bending
• Figure 26.18
• Figure 26.19
• Figure 26.20
• Figure 26.21
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 27: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of the Cervical Musculature
• Chapter 27 Introduction
• Extensors of the Head and Neck
• Deep Plane
• Suboccipital Muscles
• Actions
• Transversospinal Muscles
• Actions
• Semispinalis Plane
• Semispinalis Capitis and Cervicis
• Actions
• Splenius and Levator Scapulae Plane
• Actions
• Levator Scapulae
• Actions
• Longissimus Capitis
• Actions
• Superficial Plane
• Trapezius
• Actions
• Figure 27.1
• Figure 27.2
• Figure 27.3
• Figure 27.4
• Figure 27.5
• Figure 27.6
• Figure 27.7
• Figure 27.8
• Figure 27.9
• Figure 27.10
• Flexors of the Head and Neck
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Actions
• Scalene Muscles
• Actions
• Deep Cervical Flexor Muscles
• Video: Differentiation of Cervical Flexors
• Video: Palpation: Muscles of the Posterior Cervical Triangle
• Figure 27.11
• Figure 27.12
• Figure 27.13
• Muscle Function in the Cervical Spine
• Muscle Interactions and Activation Patterns
• Effects of Mechanical Neck Pain on Cervical Muscles
• Effects of Posture on Cervical Muscles
• Table 27.1: Cervical Muscles Grouped According to Their Actions
• Figure 27.14
• Figure 27.15
• Video: Muscular Control of Cervical Side Bending
• Table 27.2: Types of Contractions of Cervical Muscles: How Position Alters the Muscle Group and Type of Contraction Used during Specific Motions
• Figure 27.16
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 28: Analysis of the Forces on the Cervical Spine During Activity
• Chapter 28 Introduction
• Two-Dimensional Analysis of the Loads on the Cervical Spine
• Figure 28.1
• Video: Loads on the Cervical Spine: Head Forward
• Examining the Forces Box 28.1
• Figure
• Examining the Forces Box 28.2
• Figure
• Figure 28.2
• Loads on the Cervical Spine
• Static Loading of the Cervical Spine
• Strength of the Cervical Spine to Resist Static Loads
• Dynamic Loading of the Cervical Spine
• Impact Loading of the Cervical Spine
• Acceleration Injuries to the Cervical Spine
• Figure 28.3
• Video: Loads on the Cervical Spine: Asymmetrical Head Postures
• Figure 28.4
• Figure 28.5
• Figure 28.6
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Bones and Joints of the Thoracic Spine
• Chapter 29 Introduction
• Figure 29.1
• Structure of the Thoracic Vertebrae
• Bodies of Thoracic Vertebrae
• Vertebral Arch of a Thoracic Vertebra
• Articular Processes of a Thoracic Vertebra
• Muscular Processes of a Thoracic Vertebra
• Figure 29.2
• Figure 29.3
• Figure 29.4
• Figure 29.5
• Figure 29.6
• Figure 29.7
• Bones of the Thoracic Cage
• Ribs
• Sternum
• Figure 29.8
• Video: Palpations of the Thoracic Spine
• Figure 29.9
• Joints of the Thoracic Region
• Joints between Adjacent Vertebrae
• Interbody Joints
• Facet Joints
• Supporting Structures
• Articulations Joining the Ribs to the Vertebrae and Sternum
• Articulations between the Ribs and the Vertebrae
• Articulations between the Ribs and Sternum
• Figure 29.10
• Figure 29.11
• Figure 29.12
• Figure 29.13
• Figure 29.14
• Figure 29.15
• Figure 29.16
• Figure 29.17
• Movements of the Thoracic Spine and Thorax
• Thoracic Spine Motion
• Segmental Motion
• Total Mobility of the Thoracic Spine
• Motion of the Rib Cage
• Elevation and Depression of the Ribs
• Motions of the Ribs with Thoracic Motion
• Movements of the Costal Cartilages and Sternum
• Figure 29.18
• Figure 29.19
• Figure 29.20
• Video: Thoracic Spine Motion
• Table 29.1: ROM of the Thoracic Spine in Individuals Without Spinal Impairment
• Video: Excessive Thoracic Spine Flexion
• Figure 29.21
• Table 29.2: Circumferential Chest Excursions in Subjects with Normal Pulmonary Function
• Video: Patterns of Forced Inspiration
• Figure 29.22
• Figure 29.23
• Video: Idiopathic Scoliosis
• Figure 29.24
• Mechanics of Respiration
• Figure 29.25
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 30: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of the Muscles of the Thoracic Spine
• Chapter 30 Introduction
• Figure 30.1
• Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
• Superficial Layer
• Deep Layer of the Posterior Thoracic Region
• Erector Spinae
• Action
• Transversospinales
• Action
• Interspinales and Intertransversarii
• Impairment of the Muscles of the Posterior Thorax
• Figure 30.2
• Figure 30.3
• Figure 30.4
• Figure 30.5
• Figure 30.6
• Figure 30.7
• Video: EMG of Thoracic Erector Spinae
• Figure 30.8
• Figure 30.9
• Intrinsic Muscles of the Thorax
• Serratus Posterior Superior and Inferior
• Intercostal Muscles
• Action
• Impairment of the Intercostal Muscles
• Transversus Thoracis, Subcostales, and Levatores Costarum
• Diaphragm
• Action
• Impairment of the Diaphragm
• Figure 30.10
• Figure 30.11
• Figure 30.12
• Figure 30.13
• Figure 30.14
• Figure 30.15
• Figure 30.16
• Muscle Activity During Respiration
• Muscles of Inspiration
• Muscles of Expiration
• Figure 30.17
• Video: Accessory Muscles of Respiration
• Video: Cough
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 31: Loads Sustained by the Thoracic Spine
• Chapter 31 Introduction
• Two-Dimensional Analysis of the Forces on the Thoracic Spine
• Figure 31.1
• Examining the Forces Box 31.1
• Figure
• Examining the Forces Box 31.2
• Figure
• Figure 31.2
• Figure 31.3
• Figure 31.4
• Loads on the Thoracic Spine
• Video: Mechanics of Thoracic Injury During a Cough
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Bones and Joints of the Lumbar Spine
• Chapter 32 Introduction
• Structure of the Bones and Ligaments of the Lumbar Spine
• General Overview of the Osteocartilaginous Lumbar Spine
• Vertebral Bodies
• Neural Arch
• Vertebral Foramina
• Ligamentous Support of the Lumbar Spine
• Thoracolumbar Fascia
• Palpable Bony and Ligamentous Structures of the Lumbar Spine
• Figure 32.1
• Figure 32.2
• Figure 32.3
• Figure 32.4
• Figure 32.5
• Figure 32.6
• Table 32.1: Displacements Opposed by Lumbar Ligaments
• Figure 32.7
• Video: Palpations of the Lumbar Spine
• Structure of the Joints of the Lumbar Spine
• Facet Joints
• Intervertebral Joint
• Vertebral Endplate
• Intervertebral Disc
• Annulus Fibrosus
• Nucleus Pulposus
• Figure 32.8
• Figure 32.9
• Figure 32.10
• Figure 32.11
• Figure 32.12
• Mechanical Properties of the IVD
• Compression
• Bending
• Rotation
• IVD Pressures during Activities of Daily Living
• Figure 32.13
• Figure 32.14
• Figure 32.15
• Figure 32.16
• Motion of the Lumbar Spine
• Gross Motion of the Lumbar Spine
• Lumbar Flexion
• Lumbar Extension
• Lumbar Rotation and Side Bending
• Joint Coupling in the Lumbar Spine
• Segmental Motion of the Lumbar Spine
• Segmental Motion in the Sagittal Plane
• Segmental Motion in the Transverse and Frontal Plane
• Clinical Methods of Lumbar Range of Motion Assessment
• Linear Displacement of the Spinous Processes of the Lumbar Spine
• Angular Displacement of the Lumbar Spine
• Normative Values for Lumbar Range of Motion
• Manual Assessment of Passive Intervertebral Motion
• Table 32.2: Gross Motions of the Lumbar Spine Based upon Cardinal Planes
• Table 32.3: General Trends for Angular Displacement at the Segmental Levels of the Lumbar Spine (in Degrees)
• Video: Bending of the Lumbar Spine
• Table 32.4: The Twelve Motions of a Lumbar Motion Segment
• Figure 32.17
• Figure 32.18
• Table 32.5: Normal Values (95% Confidence Intervals) for Adults Without LBP and with Chronic LBP (in Degrees)
• Table 32.6: Approximate Mean Values for Lumbar Range of Motion (in Degrees) as Measured with a Spondylometer
• Relating the Osteocartilaginous Lumbar Spine to Functional Demands
• Video: Lumbar Spine Motion in Function
• Video: Lumbar Spine Position in Sitting
• Examining the Forces Box 32.1
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 33: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Muscles Acting on the Lumbar Spine
• Chapter 33 Introduction
• Muscle Size
• Figure 33.1
• Table 33.1: Raw Cross-Sectional Areas (mm2) (Standard Deviation) Measured Directly from MRI Scans
• Table 33.2: Raw Lateral Distances (mm) between Muscle Centroids and Intervertebral Disc Centroid (Standard Deviation)
• Table 33.3: Raw Anterior–Posterior Distances (mm) Between Muscle Centroids and Intervertebral Disc Centroid (Standard Deviation)
• Table 33.4: Examples of Corrected Cross-Sectional Areas and A–P and Lateral Moment Arms Perpendicular to the Muscle Fiber Line of Action Using the Appropriate Cosines: These Values Should Be Used in Biomechanical Models Rather Than the Uncorrected Values Obtained Directly from Scan Slices
• Muscle Groups
• Rotatores and Intertransversarii
• Extensors: Longissimus, Iliocostalis, and Multifidus Groups
• Abdominal Muscles
• Rectus Abdominis
• Abdominal Wall
• Special Case of the Quadratus Lumborum and Psoas Major
• Figure 33.2
• Figure 33.3
• Figure 33.4
• Figure 33.5
• Figure 33.6
• Video: Electrical Silence of Lumbar Erector Spinae
• Table 33.5: Subject Averages of EMG Activation Normalized to 100% MVC—Mean and (Standard Deviation)
• Figure 33.7
• Video: EMG of Abdominal Muscles
• Figure 33.8
• Summary
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Chapter 34: Analysis of the Forces on the Lumbar Spine During Activity
• Chapter 34 Introduction
• Normal Biomechanics and Pathomechanics of the Lumbar Spine
• Loads on the Low Back During Lifting, Walking, Sitting, and Carrying
• Loads on the Low Back during Sitting
• Loads on the Low Back during Carrying
• Table 34.1: Musculature Forces and Shear and Compressive Contributions to Spine Load During a Squat Lift of 27 kg that Required a Lumbar Extensor Moment of 450 Nm
• Figure 34.1
• Table 34.2: Spine Compression for Load Carrying with the Load in One Hand or in Both Hands at the Instant in Time Where the Left Foot Was in Contact with the Force Plate and the Right Foot Was Completely Off of the Ground
• Biomechanics of the Passive Tissues of the Lumbar Spine
• Functional Consideration for the Interspinous and Supraspinous Ligaments
• Mechanisms of Injury
• Functional Consideration of the Vertebrae
• The Vertebral Body
• Posterior Elements of the Vertebra
• Modic Changes and What They Mean
• Functional Consideration of the Intervertebral Disc
• Figure 34.2
• Figure 34.3
• Table 34.3: Individual Muscle and Passive Tissue Forces and the Lumbar Moments, Compression, and Shear Forces During Full Flexion Together with Just the Forces in a More Neutral Lumbar Posture, Demonstrating the Shift from Muscle to Passive Tissue and the Resultant Effects on Joint Compression and Shear
• Video: Shear Forces on the Lumbar Spine During Lifting
• Figure 34.4
• Figure 34.5
• Figure 34.6
• Figure 34.7
• Functional Consideration for the Lumbodorsal Fascia
• Spine Stability: Muscle Stiffness and Co-contraction, Motor Control, and the Link to the Clinic
• Figure 34.8
• Clinical Application: Using Biomechanics to Build Better Rehabilitation Programs for Low Back Injury
• Preventing Injury: What Does the Patient Need to Know?
• Toward Developing Scientifically Justified Low Back Rehabilitation Exercises
• Issues of Flexibility
• Confusion Regarding Spine Flexion
• Issues of Strength and Endurance
• Aerobic Exercise
• Exercises for the Abdominal Muscles (Anterior and Lateral) and Quadratus Lumborum
• Clinical Bottom Line
• Exercises for the Back Extensors
• Should Abdominal Belts Be Worn?
• Beginner’s Program for Stabilization
• Notes for Exercise Prescription
• Figure 34.9
• Video: Abdominal Wall EMG
• Figure 34.10
• Figure 34.11
• Video: Forces on the Lumbar Spine During a Side Plank
• Figure 34.12
• Summary
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Bones and Joints of the Pelvis
• Chapter 35 Introduction
• Figure 35.1
• Figure 35.2
• Table 35.1: Comparison of Osteological Features of the Limb Girdles
• Osteology of Pelvic and Associated Structures
• Lumbar Spine and L5 Vertebra
• Sacrum
• Base
• Lateral Part
• Apex
• Ossification
• Coccyx
• Innominate Bone
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
• Obturator Foramen and Obturator Membrane
• Palpation of Bony Prominences and Joints of the Pelvis
• Ossification
• Sexual Differences
• Table 35.2: Atypical Osteological Features of the Fifth Lumbar Vertebra and Attached Structures
• Figure 35.3
• Figure 35.4
• Figure 35.5
• Table 35.3: Osteological Features of the Sacrum and Coccyx and Attached Structures
• Figure 35.6
• Figure 35.7
• Figure 35.8
• Figure 35.9
• Figure 35.10
• Figure 35.11
• Table 35.4: Osteological Features of the Innominate Bone and Attached Structures
• Figure 35.12
• Figure 35.13
• Figure 35.14
• Figure 35.15
• Figure 35.16
• Figure 35.17
• Video: Palpations of the Pelvis
• Figure 35.18
• Table 35.5: Differences Between Female and Male Pelvis that Represent Adaptations for Childbearing
• Figure 35.19
• Figure 35.20
• Figure 35.21
• Figure 35.22
• Pelvic Joints and Periarticular Structures
• Lumbosacral Junction
• Sacrococcygeal Junction
• Sacroiliac Joint
• Structure
• Supporting Structures of the SIJ
• Motion
• Relationship between Form and Function of the SIJ
• Innervation
• Symphysis Pubis
• Pathology or Functional Adaptation?
• Figure 35.23
• Figure 35.24
• Figure 35.25
• Figure 35.26
• Figure 35.27
• Figure 35.28
• Figure 35.29
• Figure 35.30
• Figure 35.31
• Figure 35.32
• Figure 35.33
• Table 35.6: Movement of Sacroiliac Joint
• Figure 35.34
• Figure 35.35
• Figure 35.36
• Figure 35.37
• Figure 35.38
• Video: Motion of the Lumbar Spine and Pelvis During Bending
• Figure 35.39
• Figure 35.40
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 36: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Muscle Activity in the Pelvis
• Chapter 36 Introduction
• Developmental Anatomy of the Pelvic Floor
• Video: Pelvic Motion During Gluteus and Abdominal Muscle Contraction
• Muscles of the Pelvis and Perineum
• Pelvic Muscles Associated with Somatic Function
• Pelvic Muscles Associated with Visceral Function
• Perineal Muscles
• Somatic (External) Sphincters
• Functional and Metabolic Properties of Pelvic and Perineal Muscle Fibers
• Central Tendon of the Perineum
• Figure 36.1
• Table 36.1: Muscles of the Pelvis
• Figure 36.2
• Figure 36.3
• Figure 36.4
• Figure 36.5
• Table 36.2: Muscles of the Perineum
• Figure 36.6
• Figure 36.7
• Figure 36.8
• Figure 36.9
• Figure 36.10
• Figure 36.11
• Figure 36.12
• Nervous Control of Muscles of the Pelvis and Perineum
• Spinal Centers
• Supraspinal Centers
• Degenerative Diseases
• Figure 36.13
• Figure 36.14
• Specific Functions of Pelvic and Perineal Musculature
• Urinary Continence and Micturition
• Anorectal Continence and Defecation
• Sexual Function
• Parturition
• Figure 36.15
• Table 36.3: Functional Coordination of Visceral and Somatic Musculature of the Pelvis and Perineum
• Pelvic Muscle Dysfunction
• Pelvic Organ Prolapse
• Urinary Incontinence
• Anorectal Incontinence
• Role of the Therapist in Management of Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 37: Analysis of the Forces on the Pelvis During Activity
• Chapter 37 Introduction
• Forces Sustained at the Lumbosacral Junction
• Two-Dimensional Example of the Analysis of Forces on the Pelvis
• Loads at the Lumbosacral Junction
• Loads in the Lumbosacral Region during Bending and Lifting
• Loads on the Lumbosacral Joint during Walking
• Figure 37.1
• Examining the Forces Box 37.1
• Figure
• Figure
• Figure 37.2
• Figure 37.3
• Figure 37.4
• Figure 37.5
• Video: Shear Forces on Lumbar Spine During Lifting
• Figure 37.6
• Forces Sustained at the Sacroiliac Joints
• Overview of the Analytical Model of the Sacroiliac Joint
• Sacroiliac Joint Forces from the Literature
• Figure 37.7
• Examining the Forces Box 37.2
• Figure
• Video: Sacroiliac Movement During Kicking
• Video: Forces on the SI Joint During One Leg Standing Test
• Mechanics of Pelvic Fractures
• Summary
• References
• Part Iv: Kinesiology of the Lower Extremity. Unit 6: Hip Unit
• Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Bones and Noncontractile Elements of the Hip
• Part IV: Kinesiology of the Lower Extremity
• Video: Using Observations and Clinical Tests to Assess a Patient with Hip Pain
• Unit 6: Hip Unit
• Chapter 38 Introduction
• Structure of the Bones of the Hip
• Innominate Bone
• Femur
• Figure 38.1
• Figure 38.2
• Figure 38.3
• Figure 38.4
• Figure 38.5
• Figure 38.6
• Figure 38.7
• Figure 38.8
• Video: Palpations of the Hip
• Structure of the Hip Joint
• Joint Capsule
• Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral, and Ischiofemoral Ligaments
• Additional Ligaments
• Hip Joint Stability
• Hip Joint Mobility
• Figure 38.9
• Figure 38.10
• Figure 38.11
• Figure 38.12
• Alignment of the Articulating Surfaces
• Figure 38.13
• Figure 38.14
• Figure 38.15
• Figure 38.16
• Figure 38.17
• Figure 38.18
• Figure 38.19
• Figure 38.20
• Figure 38.21
• Figure 38.22
• Video: Hip Anteversion
• Figure 38.23
• Normal Motion of the Hip
• Normal Range of Motion
• Normal Limiting Structures of Hip ROM
• Contribution of the Pelvis to Hip Motion
• Interaction of the Hip Joint and Lumbar Spine in Hip Motion
• Hip Motion in Activities of Daily Living
• Table 38.1: Hip ROM (°) in Healthy Individuals Reported in the Literature
• Figure 38.24
• Figure 38.25
• Figure 38.26
• Video: Relationship of Hip and Pelvic Motion
• Figure 38.27
• Figure 38.28
• Video: Hip and Back Position While Performing a Split
• Video: Hip Range of Motion While Tying Shoes
• Figure 38.29
• Comparison of the Hip Joint to the Glenohumeral Joint
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 39: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Muscle Activity at the Hip
• Chapter 39 Introduction
• Figure 39.1
• Flexors of the Hip
• Psoas Major
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Iliacus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Psoas Minor
• Actions
• Figure 39.2
• Figure 39.3
• Video: Thomas Test
• Figure 39.4
• Figure 39.5
• Figure 39.6
• Extensors of the Hip
• Gluteus Maximus
• Actions
• Weakness
• Tightness
• Figure 39.7
• Figure 39.8
• Figure 39.9
• Abductors of the Hip
• Gluteus Medius
• Actions
• Gluteus Minimus
• Actions
• Functional Role of the Hip Abductors
• Effects of Weakness of the Abductor Muscles
• Effects of Tightness of the Abductor Muscles
• Figure 39.10
• Figure 39.11
• Figure 39.12
• Figure 39.13
• Figure 39.14
• Figure 39.15
• Video: Hip Strength and Frontal Plane Knee Stability
• Video: Hip EMG
• Figure 39.16
• Video: Gluteus Medius Weakness
• Figure 39.17
• Adductors of the Hip
• Pectineus
• Actions
• Adductor Brevis
• Actions
• Adductor Longus
• Actions
• Adductor Magnus
• Actions
• Functional Role of the Adductors of the Hip
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Figure 39.18
• Figure 39.19
• Short Lateral Rotators of the Hip
• Group Actions
• Effects of Weakness and Tightness
• Figure 39.20
• Figure 39.21
• Medial Rotators of the Hip
• Comparisons of Muscle Group Strengths
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 40: Analysis of the Forces on the Hip During Activity
• Chapter 40 Introduction
• Kinetics of Single-Limb Stance
• Figure 40.1
• Figure 40.2
• Examining the Forces Box 40.1
• Figure
• Figure 40.3
• Examining the Forces Box 40.2
• Figure
• Figure 40.4
• Figure 40.5
• Video: EMG of Gluteus Medius During Standing
• Figure 40.6
• Analysis of Forces Under Dynamic Conditions
• Practical Applications of Force Analysis
• Figure 40.7
• Video: EMG of Gluteus Medius During Standing While Holding a Weight
• Summary
• References
• Unit 7: Knee Unit
• Chapter 41: Structure and Function of the Bones and Noncontractile Elements of the Knee
• Unit 7: Knee Unit
• Chapter 41 Introduction
• Bones of the Knee Joint
• Shaft and Distal Femur
• Medial Condyle
• Lateral Condyle
• Proximal Tibia
• Articular Surfaces of the Proximal Tibia
• Effects of the Shapes of the Articular Surfaces on Tibiofemoral Joint Motion
• Disparity between the Tibial and Femoral Surfaces
• Disparity between the Size of the Medial and Lateral Femoral Condyles
• Variability of Curvature in All of the Articular Surfaces of the Tibiofemoral Joint
• Tibiofemoral Motion
• Patella
• Proximal Fibula
• Palpable Landmarks of the Knee
• Figure 41.1
• Figure 41.2
• Figure 41.3
• Figure 41.4
• Figure 41.5
• Figure 41.6
• Figure 41.7
• Figure 41.8
• Figure 41.9
• Figure 41.10
• Figure 41.11
• Video: Palpations of the Knee
• Articular Structures of the Knee
• Organization of the Trabecular Bone and Articular Cartilage Found in the Knee
• Menisci
• Structure
• Function of the Menisci
• Motion of the Menisci on the Tibia
• Meniscal Lesions
• Noncontractile Supporting Structures
• Articular Capsule of the Knee Joint
• Collateral Ligaments
• Cruciate Ligaments
• Accessory Ligaments of the Knee
• Conclusions Regarding the Connective Tissue Support of the Knee
• Figure 41.12
• Figure 41.13
• Figure 41.14
• Figure 41.15
• Figure 41.16
• Figure 41.17
• Figure 41.18
• Figure 41.19
• Figure 41.20
• Figure 41.21
• Figure 41.22
• Figure 41.23
• Figure 41.24
• Figure 41.25
• Figure 41.26
• Figure 41.27
• Figure 41.28
• Normal Alignment of the Knee Joint
• Frontal Plane Alignment
• Sagittal Plane Alignment
• Transverse Plane Alignment
• Figure 41.29
• Figure 41.30
• Figure 41.31
• Figure 41.32
• Figure 41.33
• Alignment of the Patellofemoral Joint
• Medial–Lateral Alignment
• Proximal–Distal Alignment
• Angular Positioning of the Patella
• Patellar Tilt
• Sulcus Angle
• Congruence Angle
• Figure 41.34
• Figure 41.35
• Motion of the Knee
• Normal Range of Motion of the Knee in the Sagittal Plane
• Transverse and Frontal Plane Rotations of the Knee
• Patellofemoral Motion
• Translation of the Patella during Knee Flexion
• Rotation of the Patella during Knee Flexion
• Table 41.1: Normal ROM of the Knee Reported in the Literature
• Video: Knee Motion During Function
• Video: Passive Patellar Mobility
• Figure 41.36
• Figure 41.37
• Figure 41.38
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 42: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Muscle Activity at the Knee
• Chapter 42 Introduction
• Extensors of the Knee
• Rectus Femoris
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Vastus Intermedius
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Vastus Lateralis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Vastus Medialis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Functional Considerations for the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle
• Figure 42.1
• Figure 42.2
• Figure 42.3
• Figure 42.4
• Figure 42.5
• Figure 42.6
• Figure 42.7
• Figure 42.8
• Video: Gait with Weak Quadriceps
• Figure 42.9
• Flexors of the Knee
• Hamstrings
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Mechanics of Two-Joint Muscles at the Knee
• Popliteus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Functional Implications of Flexion Contractures of the Knee
• Figure 42.10
• Figure 42.11
• Figure 42.12
• Figure 42.13
• Figure 42.14
• Figure 42.15
• Video: Quadriceps and Hamstring EMG During Functional Activities
• Medial Rotators of the Knee
• Sartorius
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Gracilis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Pes Anserinus
• Figure 42.16
• Figure 42.17
• Figure 42.18
• Lateral Rotators of the Knee
• Tensor Fasciae Latae
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Figure 42.19
• Figure 42.20
• Figure 42.21
• Video: Ober’s Test
• Figure 42.22
• Figure 42.23
• Strength of the Flexor and Extensor Muscles of the Knee
• Comparisons between Extension and Flexion Strength at the Knee
• Factors Influencing Muscle Strength at the Knee
• Effects of Joint Position on Muscle Strength at the Knee
• Quadriceps Femoris
• Hamstring Muscles
• Figure 42.24
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 43: Analysis of the Forces on the Knee During Activity
• Chapter 43 Introduction
• Two-Dimensional Analysis of the Force in the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle During Knee Extension
• Effect of Mode of Exercise on Quadriceps Femoris Force
• Knee Extension Resistance Delivered by a Pulley System
• Knee Extension against an Isokinetic Dynamometer
• Knee Extension Exercises Using a Closed-Chain Format
• Examining the Forces Box 43.1
• Figure
• Figure 43.1
• Figure 43.2
• Video: EMG Activity of the Quadriceps: Open Chain
• Figure 43.3
• Figure 43.4
• Figure 43.5
• Figure 43.6
• Video: Quadriceps EMG While Holding a Weight
• Video: EMG Activity of the Quadriceps: Closed Chain
• Examining the Forces Box 43.2
• Figure
• Forces and Moments on the Structures of the Knee Joint during Activity
• Forces and Moments on the Tibiofemoral Joint
• Association between Loads on the Knee and Osteoarthritis of the Knee
• Association between Loads on the Knee and ACL Injuries
• Co-Contraction of Muscles Across the Knee
• Associations between Loads on the Knee and Patellofemoral Joint Pain
• Examining the Forces Box 43.3
• Figure
• Table 43.1: Loads on the Tibiofemoral Joint during Functional Activities
• Figure 43.7
• Figure 43.8
• Figure 43.9
• Figure 43.10
• Figure 43.11
• Figure 43.12
• Figure 43.13
• Figure 43.14
• Examining the Forces Box 43.4
• Figure
• Figure 43.15
• Figure 43.16
• Choosing the Right Exercise
• Table 43.2: Comparison of the Mechanics of Quadriceps-Strengthening Exercises between 0° and 90° of Knee Flexion
• Interactions Between Hip and Knee Loads
• Figure 43.17
• Summary
• Video: Running
• References
• Unit 8: Ankle and Foot Unit
• Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Bones and Noncontractile Elements of the Ankle and Foot Complex
• Unit 8: Ankle and Foot Unit
• Chapter 44 Introduction
• Bones of the Ankle and Foot
• Shaft and Distal Tibia
• Tibial Shaft
• Distal Tibia
• Alignment of the Tibia
• Fibula
• Head of the Fibula
• Shaft of the Fibula
• Lateral Malleolus
• Tarsal Bones
• Talus
• Calcaneus
• Navicular
• Cuboid
• Three Cuneiform Bones
• Bones of the Digits
• Metatarsal Bones
• Phalanges
• Structural Organization of the Foot
• Figure 44.1
• Video: Palpations of the Ankle and Foot
• Figure 44.2
• Figure 44.3
• Figure 44.4
• Figure 44.5
• Figure 44.6
• Figure 44.7
• Figure 44.8
• Figure 44.9
• Figure 44.10
• Joints and Supporting Structures of the Leg and Foot
• Joints and Supporting Structures between the Tibia and Fibula
• Proximal Tibiofibular Joint
• Distal Tibiofibular Joint
• Motion of the Tibiofibular Joints
• Joints of the Foot
• Structure and Supporting Elements of the Ankle Joint
• Ankle Joint Motion
• Structure and Supporting Elements of the Subtalar Joint
• Motion of the Subtalar Joint Complex
• Transverse Tarsal Joint
• Distal Intertarsal Joints
• Tarsometatarsal and Intermetatarsal Joints of the Toes
• Metatarsophalangeal Joints of the Toes
• Interphalangeal Joints of the Toes
• Motion of the Whole Foot
• Plantar Fascia
• Closed-Chain Motion of the Foot
• Figure 44.11
• Table 44.1: Terminology Convention for Triplanar Motion of the Ankle and Foot
• Table 44.2: Variation in Terminology Describing Ankle and Foot Pronation
• Figure 44.12
• Figure 44.13
• Figure 44.14
• Table 44.3: Components of the Collateral Ligaments of the Ankle
• Figure 44.15
• Figure 44.16
• Table 44.4: Reported Passive and Active Ankle ROM
• Figure 44.17
• Figure 44.18
• Figure 44.19
• Figure 44.20
• Figure 44.21
• Figure 44.22
• Figure 44.23
• Figure 44.24
• Table 44.5: Reported Ranges of Motion of the Subtalar Joint (in Degrees)
• Figure 44.25
• Figure 44.26
• Figure 44.27
• Figure 44.28
• Video: Substitutions with Ankle Dorsiflexion
• Figure 44.29
• Figure 44.30
• Figure 44.31
• Figure 44.32
• Figure 44.33
• Video: Ankle and Foot Motion During Jumping
• Figure 44.34
• Figure 44.35
• Video: Ankle and Foot Motion: Closed Chain
• Foot Alignment
• Arches of the Foot
• Subtalar Neutral Position
• Figure 44.36
• Figure 44.37
• Figure 44.38
• Figure 44.39
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 45: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Muscle Activity at the Ankle and Foot
• Chapter 45 Introduction
• Muscles of the Anterior Compartment
• Anterior Tibialis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Extensor Hallucis Longus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Extensor Digitorum Longus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Peroneus Tertius
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Figure 45.1
• Figure 45.2
• Figure 45.3
• Figure 45.4
• Video: Gait with Weak Dorsiflexors
• Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Compartment
• Achilles Tendon
• Gastrocnemius
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Soleus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Plantaris
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness and Tightness
• Figure 45.5
• Figure 45.6
• Figure 45.7
• Figure 45.8
• Video: Up on Toes, Back on Heels
• Figure 45.9
• Figure 45.10
• Figure 45.11
• Figure 45.12
• Figure 45.13
• Figure 45.14
• Figure 45.15
• Video: Posture with Tight Plantar Flexors
• Deep Muscles of the Posterior Compartment
• Posterior Tibialis
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Flexor Digitorum Longus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Flexor Hallucis Longus
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Figure 45.16
• Figure 45.17
• Video: Great Toe MTP Range of Motion
• Figure 45.18
• Muscles of the Lateral Compartment of the Leg
• Peroneus Longus (Also Known as Fibularis Longus)
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Peroneus Brevis (Also Known as Fibularis Brevis)
• Actions
• Effects of Weakness
• Effects of Tightness
• Figure 45.19
• Figure 45.20
• Figure 45.21
• Figure 45.22
• Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
• First Muscular Layer in the Foot
• Abductor Hallucis
• Flexor Digitorum Brevis
• Abductor Digiti Minimi
• Second Muscular Layer in the Foot
• Flexor Digitorum Accessorius
• Lumbricals
• Third Muscular Layer in the Foot
• Flexor Hallucis Brevis
• Adductor Hallucis
• Fourth Muscular Layer in the Foot
• Extensor Digitorum Brevis
• Group Effects of the Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot
• Figure 45.23
• Figure 45.24
• Figure 45.25
• Figure 45.26
• Comparisons of Group Muscle Strength
• Table 45.1: Comparisons of Peak Plantar and Dorsiflexion Torques
• Table 45.2: Physiological Cross-Sectional Areas (PCSAs) of Muscles That Invert and Evert the Foot
• Figure 45.27
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 46: Analysis of the Forces on the Ankle and Foot During Activity
• Chapter 46 Introduction
• Two-Dimensional Analysis of the Forces in the Foot
• Two-Dimensional Analysis at the Ankle
• Forces Applied to the Ankle and Tarsal Regions during Activity
• Two-Dimensional Analysis of Forces on the Great Toe
• Forces on the Great Toe during Gait
• Figure 46.1
• Examining the Forces Box 46.1
• Figure
• Figure
• Figure
• Video: Plantar Flexor Muscle Activity During a Partial Squat
• Examining the Forces Box 46.2
• Figure
• Figure
• Figure
• Figure 46.2
• Loads on the Plantar Surface of the Foot During Weight Bearing
• Figure 46.3
• Summary
• References
• Part V: Posture and Gait
• Chapter 47: Characteristics of Normal Posture and Common Postural Abnormalities
• Part V: Posture and Gait
• Figure
• Video: Using Observations and Clinical Tests to Assess a Runner with Knee Pain
• Chapter 47 Introduction
• Normal Posture
• Postural Sway
• Segmental Alignment in Normal Posture
• Sagittal Plane Alignment of the Body in Normal Posture
• Frontal and Transverse Plane Alignment in Normal Erect Posture
• Muscular Control of Normal Posture
• Figure 47.1
• Figure 47.2
• Video: Normal Posture
• Table 47.1: Alignment in the Sagittal Plane of Body Landmarks with Respect to the Ankle During Erect Standing
• Figure 47.3
• Figure 47.4
• Video: Abnormal Posture
• Figure 47.5
• Figure 47.6
• Table 47.2: Measurements of Pelvic Orientation Reported in the Literature
• Figure 47.7
• Figure 47.8
• Figure 47.9
• Figure 47.10
• Figure 47.11
• Figure 47.12
• Video: Idiopathic Scoliosis
• Figure 47.13
• Figure 47.14
• Video: Simulation of Leg Length Discrepancy
• Figure 47.15
• Figure 47.16
• Table 47.3: External Moments Applied to the Joints Based on the Center of Mass Line
• Video: EMG of the Ankle Muscles During Standing
• Figure 47.17
• Figure 47.18
• Postural Malalignments
• Muscle Imbalances Reported in Postural Malalignments
• Figure 47.19
• Table 47.4: Common Postural Abnormalities in the Sagittal Plane
• Table 47.5: Common Postural Abnormalities in the Frontal and Transverse Planes
• Summary
• References
• Chapter 48: Characteristics of Normal Gait and Factors Influencing It
• Chapter 48 Introduction
• The Gait Cycle, the Basic Unit of Gait
• Figure 48.1
• Figure 48.2
• Figure 48.3
• Kinematics of Locomotion
• Temporal and Distance Parameters of a Stride
• Distance Characteristics of the Stride
• Temporal Characteristics of the Stride
• Angular Displacements of Joints
• Sagittal Plane Motions of the Lower Extremities
• Frontal Plane Motions of the Lower Extremities
• Transverse Plane Motions of the Lower Extremities
• Motions of the Trunk
• Figure 48.4
• Table 48.1: Distance Parameters of Stride in Young Healthy Adults
• Table 48.2: Temporal Parameters of Stride in Young Healthy Adults
• Figure 48.5
• Video: Normal Gait
• Figure 48.6
• Figure 48.7
• Figure 48.8
• Figure 48.9
• Figure 48.10
• Figure 48.11
• Muscle Activity During Locomotion
• Figure 48.12
• Video: Gait of an Individual with Muscle Weakness
• Kinetics of Locomotion
• Joint Moments and Reaction Forces
• Dynamic Equilibrium
• Ground Reaction Forces
• Energetics of Gait: Power, Work, and Mechanical Energy
• Joint Power
• Mechanical Energy
• Figure 48.13
• Examining the Forces Box 48.1
• Figure
• Table 48.3: Reported Peak Joint Reaction Forces During Normal Gait in Units of Body Weight
• Figure 48.14
• Figure 48.15
• Figure 48.16
• Figure 48.17
• Figure 48.18
• Examining the Forces Box 48.2
• Figure
• Figure 48.19
• Figure 48.20
• Figure 48.21
• Figure 48.22
• Figure 48.23
• Video: Gait of an Individual Following a Lisfranc Amputation
• Factors that Influence Parameters of Gait
• Gender
• Walking Speed
• Age
• Table 48.4: Commonly Reported Changes in Gait in Older Adults
• Running Biomechanics
• Kinematics of Running Gait
• Sagittal Plane
• Frontal Plane
• Transverse Plane
• Muscle Control of Running
• Kinetics of Running Gait
• Figure 48.24
• Table 48.5: Normative Sagittal Plane Range of Motion Values for Running [174]a
• Table 48.6: Peak Joint Excursions in Overground Running [185]
• Summary
• References
• Appendix
• Remarks
• Glossary