Efnisyfirlit

• Marine Fisheries Ecology
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• 1 Marine fisheries ecology: an introduction
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Fisheries of the world
• 1.2.1 History of fisheries
• 1.2.2 Fishery science
• 1.2.3 Diversity of fisheries
• 1.3 Patterns of exploitation
• 1.3.1 Boom and bust
• 1.3.2 Conservation and ecosystem concerns
• 1.4 Why manage fisheries?
• 1.5 Objectives of management
• 1.5.1 Range of objectives
• 1.5.2 Balancing objectives
• 1.5.3 From objective to action
• 1.6 Meeting management objectives
• 1.7 Structure of this book
• Summary
• 2 Marine ecology and production processes
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Primary production: sources and magnitude
• 2.3 Phytoplanktonic production
• 2.3.1 Links between production and physical processes
• 2.3.2 Upwellings and fronts
• 2.3.3 Rates of phytoplanktonic production
• 2.4 Non-phytoplanktonic production
• 2.4.1 Macroalgae
• 2.4.2 Mangroves
• 2.4.3 Coral reef algae
• 2.4.4 Seagrasses and marsh plants
• 2.4.5 Microphytobenthos
• 2.5 Heterotrophic production
• 2.5.1 The fate of primary production
• 2.5.2 Transfer along the food chain
• 2.5.3 Production of fished species
• 2.5.4 Linking primary production and landings
• Summary
• 3 Fished species, life histories and distribution
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Fishes
• 3.3 Invertebrates
• 3.4 Life histories
• 3.4.1 Sex, sex reversal and sex ratios
• 3.4.2 Growth, maturity and longevity
• 3.4.3 Egg size, fecundity and reproduction
• 3.5 Distribution in space and time
• 3.5.1 Geographical ranges and stock structures
• 3.5.2 Migration
• 3.5.3 Larval transport, retention and dispersal
• 3.5.4 Metapopulations
• Summary
• 4 Population structure in space and time
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Recruitment
• 4.2.1 Spawner and recruit relationships
• 4.2.2 Mortality during the early life history
• 4.2.3 Depensation
• 4.2.4 Regulation in fish populations
• 4.3 Density-dependent habitat use
• Summary
• 5 Fishing gears and techniques
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 From shoreline gathering to satellites
• 5.3 Modern commercial fishing gears
• 5.3.1 Towed fishing gear
• 5.3.2 Static fishing gear
• 5.4 Other fishing techniques
• 5.5 Conservation methods
• Summary
• 6 Fishers: socioeconomics and human ecology
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Motivations for fishing
• 6.2.1 Food
• 6.2.2 Income
• 6.3 Modifications to fishing behaviour
• 6.3.1 Social
• 6.3.2 Religion
• 6.4 Conflicts and conflict resolution
• 6.4.1 Competing for fish
• 6.4.2 Fish wars
• 6.4.3 Fishers in the political process
• 6.4.4 Traditional management systems
• 6.4.5 Customary marine tenure
• 6.4.6 Co-management
• Summary
• 7 Single-species stock assessment
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Balancing birth and death
• 7.3 Surplus production models
• 7.3.1 Stability
• 7.3.2 Models of population growth
• 7.3.3 Fitting models to data
• 7.3.4 Surplus production models in action
• 7.4 Delay–difference models
• 7.4.1 Delay–difference models in action
• 7.5 Virtual population analysis
• 7.5.1 Age-based cohort analysis
• 7.5.2 Length-based cohort analysis
• 7.6 Statistical catch-at-age methods
• 7.7 Yield-per-recruit models
• 7.7.1 Yield-per-recruit models in action
• 7.8 Incorporating recruitment
• 7.8.1 Replacement lines
• 7.8.2 Replacement lines in action
• 7.9 Confronting risk and uncertainty
• 7.9.1 Bayesian analysis
• 7.9.2 Resampling methods
• 7.10 Biological reference points
• Summary
• 8 Multispecies assessment and ecosystem modelling
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Multispecies surplus production
• 8.2.1 Multispecies surplus production in action
• 8.3 Multispecies yield per recruit
• 8.3.1 Multispecies yield per recruit in action
• 8.4 Multispecies virtual population analysis
• 8.4.1 Multispecies VPA in action
• 8.4.2 Applying MSVPA data to single-species models
• 8.5 Predators, prey and competitors
• 8.5.1 Predator–prey dynamics
• 8.5.2 Competition, an unexpected result
• 8.5.3 Management implications
• 8.6 Size spectra
• 8.7 Ecosystem models
• 8.7.1 Ecosystem models in action
• Summary
• 9 Getting the data: stock identity and dynamics
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Stock identification
• 9.2.1 The stock concept
• 9.2.2 Methods for stock identification
• 9.3 Stock dynamics
• 9.3.1 Sampling
• 9.3.2 Length, weight and age
• 9.3.3 Growth
• 9.3.4 Maturity
• 9.3.5 Fecundity
• 9.3.6 Mortality
• 9.4 The impact of errors
• Summary
• 10 Getting the data: abundance, catch and effort
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Abundance
• 10.2.1 Survey design
• 10.2.2 Visual census methods
• 10.2.3 Acoustic methods
• 10.2.4 Trawl surveys
• 10.2.5 Depletion methods
• 10.2.6 Mark–recapture methods
• 10.2.7 Egg production methods
• 10.3 The fishery
• Summary
• 11 Bioeconomics
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 The value of fisheries
• 11.2.1 Trade in fished species
• 11.2.2 Catch values and employment
• 11.3 Bioeconomic models
• 11.3.1 Descriptive bioeconomics
• 11.3.2 Optimal fishing strategies
• 11.3.3 Bayesian methods
• 11.4 Economic vs. social management objectives
• 11.4.1 Subsidies
• 11.4.2 The case for economic efficiency
• Summary
• 12 Fishing effects on populations and communities
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Vulnerability to fishing
• 12.2.1 Behaviour
• 12.2.2 Life histories
• 12.3 Intraspecific effects
• 12.3.1 Age and size structure
• 12.3.2 Reproduction
• 12.3.3 Genetic structure
• 12.4 Community effects
• 12.4.1 Diversity
• 12.4.2 Community structure
• 12.4.3 Size structure
• 12.4.4 Competition and trophic interactions
• Summary
• 13 Bycatches and discards
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Catches, bycatches and discards
• 13.2.1 Definitions
• 13.2.2 Reasons for discarding
• 13.3 Alternatives to discarding
• 13.4 Fisheries and bycatches
• 13.5 Incidental captures
• 13.5.1 Seabirds
• 13.5.2 Sea turtles
• 13.5.3 Sea snakes
• 13.5.4 Marine mammals
• 13.6 Methods to reduce bycatches
• 13.7 Ghost fishing
• 13.8 Sociocultural differences
• Summary
• 14 Impacts on benthic communities, habitats and coral reefs
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Fishing disturbance
• 14.2.1 Fishing vs. natural disturbance
• 14.2.2 Distribution of fishing disturbance
• 14.3 Direct effects of fishing gear on the seabed
• 14.3.1 Towed fishing gear
• 14.3.2 Direct effects on the substratum
• 14.3.3 Effects on infauna
• 14.3.4 Effects on epifauna
• 14.3.5 Meta-analysis
• 14.4 Effects of static fishing gears
• 14.5 Long-term effects
• 14.6 Fishing as a source of energy subsidies
• 14.6.1 Have population changes occurred?
• 14.7 Indirect effects on habitats
• 14.7.1 Loose seabeds
• 14.7.2 Coral reefs
• Summary
• 15 Fishery interactions with birds and mammals
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Birds
• 15.2.1 Competition between birds and fisheries
• 15.2.2 Benefits of discarding
• 15.2.3 Waders and shellfish
• 15.3 Mammals
• 15.3.1 Competition between mammals and fisheries
• 15.3.2 Prey release
• Summary
• 16 A role for aquaculture?
• 16.1 Introduction
• 16.2 Aquaculture past and present
• 16.3 What is cultivated?
• 16.4 Production systems
• 16.5 Feeding constraints
• 16.6 Prospects for expansion
• 16.6.1 Cage cultivation
• 16.6.2 Stock enhancement and ranching
• 16.7 Case studies
• 16.7.1 Shrimp farming
• 16.7.2 Bivalve mariculture
• Summary
• 17 Management and conservation options
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 Management objectives, strategies and actions
• 17.2.1 From objective to action
• 17.2.2 Catch control
• 17.2.3 Effort control
• 17.2.4 Technical measures
• 17.2.5 Management in action
• 17.3 Improving management
• 17.3.1 Enforcement and compliance
• 17.3.2 Co-management
• 17.3.3 Ownership of resources and harvesting rights
• 17.3.4 Uncertainty and the precautionary approach
• 17.3.5 Role of science
• 17.4 Multispecies and ecosystem-based management
• 17.4.1 What are the objectives?
• 17.4.2 What can be achieved?
• 17.5 Managing fisheries for conservation
• 17.5.1 Endangered species
• 17.5.2 Habitats
• 17.5.3 Protected areas and no-take zones
• 17.6 Future trends
• 17.6.1 Fisheries science
• 17.6.2 Fisheries management
• Summary
• References
• Appendix 1: List of symbols
• Appendix 2: Fisheries websites
• Appendix 3: Geographic index
• Index