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• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• List of research examples
• List of figures and tables
• Preface to the third edition
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• 1 Research and Nursing Practice
• Introduction
• Sources of knowledge for nursing practice
• The meaning of nursing research
• The rationale for nursing research
• The role of nurses in research
• The development of nursing research
• 2 Knowledge, Science and Research
• Introduction
• The need for knowledge
• Belief systems
• Belief systems and knowledge
• Science and knowledge
• Science and research
• What is research?
• Science and non-science
• Paradigms
• Qualitative research
• 3 Quantitative Research
• Introduction
• What is quantitative research?
• The role of measurement in quantitative research
• Objective and subjective measurements
• Types of quantitative data
• Quantitative approach as deductive
• Data collection and analysis
• The value of quantitative research to nursing
• Criticisms and limitations of the quantitative approach
• 4 Qualitative Research
• Introduction
• What is qualitative research?
• Main characteristics of qualitative research
• Common approaches in qualitative research
• Similarities and differences between approaches
• Other types of qualitative studies
• Qualitative research and nursing
• Qualitative studies in nursing and health research
• Criticisms and limitations of qualitative research
• 5 Mixed Methods
• Introduction
• The quantitative–qualitative debate
• Rationale for combining quantitative and qualitative methods
• Types and purpose of combining methods
• Triangulation
• Implications of triangulation
• 6 The Research Process and Ethical Issues
• Introduction
• The meaning of research process
• The research process and the nursing process
• The process in quantitative research
• Main stages of the research process
• The process in qualitative research
• Understanding the research process
• Critiquing the research process
• Ethical issues and the research process
• Ethical principles in the conduct of research
• Ethical issues in quantitative and qualitative research
• Research governance
• Nurses’ role as patients’ advocates and as researchers
• 7 Literature Reviews
• Introduction
• The meaning of literature
• Primary, secondary and tertiary sources
• Assessing the value of publications
• Accessing information sources
• Purpose of literature reviews
• Critiquing the literature review
• Systematic reviews
• The systematic review process
• Systematic and exploratory reviews
• Validity and reliability of reviews
• Appraisal of systematic reviews
• 8 Research and Theory
• Introduction
• What is a theory?
• Practice, research and theory
• Theory and research
• Conceptual frameworks in quantitative research
• Conceptual frameworks in qualitative research
• Evaluating the use of conceptual frameworks in research
• 9 Research Questions and Operational Definitions
• Introduction
• Formulating research questions
• Aim or purpose of the study
• Research questions
• Research objectives
• Hypotheses
• Operational definitions
• Evaluating operational definitions
• Research questions in qualitative research
• Critiquing research questions and operational definitions
• 10 Research Designs
• Introduction
• Research design
• Selecting a design
• Variations on research designs
• Qualitative research approaches
• 11 Experiments
• Introduction
• The meaning and purpose of experiments
• Clinical trials
• The logic of experiments
• Intervention
• Control
• Randomisation
• Placebos and blind techniques
• Internal and external validity
• Ethics of experiments
• RCTs in nursing
• Evaluating experiments
• 12 Phenomenological Research
• Introduction
• Phenomenological research in nursing
• The origins of phenomenology
• Husserlian phenomenology
• Post-Husserlian phenomenology
• Phenomenological research methods
• The phenomenological descriptive method
• Interpretive phenomenological methods
• Value and limitations of phenomenological research
• 13 Grounded Theory
• Introduction
• The meaning of grounded theory and its value to nursing
• Versions of grounded theory
• Key features of grounded theory
• Data collection methods
• Rigour in grounded theory studies
• Criticism of grounded theory
• Evaluating grounded theory studies
• 14 Ethnography
• Introduction
• Studying behaviour in context
• What is ethnography?
• Origins of ethnography
• Contemporary ethnography
• Key features of ethnographic studies
• The ethnographic process
• Rigour in ethnographic studies
• Reporting findings
• Ethics of ethnography
• Criticisms and challenges of ethnographic research
• 15 Samples and Sampling
• Introduction
• Samples and populations
• Types of sample
• Types of probability sample
• Types of non-probability sample
• Sampling in quantitative research
• Sampling in qualitative research
• Critiquing samples and sampling
• 16 Questionnaires
• Introduction
• Use of questionnaires in nursing
• What is a questionnaire?
• Questionnaires in nursing research
• Question formats
• Advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires
• Validity and reliability of questionnaires
• Assessing validity
• Assessing reliability
• Pilot-testing the questionnaire
• Critiquing questionnaires
• Ethical aspects of questionnaires
• 17 Interviews
• Introduction
• Interviews in clinical practice
• Research interviews
• Structured interviews
• Validity and reliability of structured interviews
• Qualitative interviews
• The qualitative interview process
• The content of qualitative interviews
• Rigour of qualitative interviews
• Semi-structured interviews
• Focus groups
• Ethical implications of interviewing
• Critiquing interviews
• 18 Observations
• Introduction
• Observation and nursing practice
• Observation in nursing research
• Limitations of observations
• Structured observation
• Unstructured observation
• Participation in observation
• Ethical implications of observation
• Critiquing observation
• 19 Making Sense of Data
• Introduction
• What does making sense of data mean?
• Quantitative data analysis
• Levels of measurement
• Statistical levels
• Descriptive statistics
• Inferential statistics
• Qualitative data analysis
• Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis
• Ensuring rigour in data analysis
• 20 Evaluating Research Studies
• Introduction
• Critiquing skills
• A structure for evaluating quantitative studies
• Validity and reliability in quantitative studies
• Evaluating qualitative studies
• Ensuring rigour in qualitative studies
• Omission and exaggeration
• The role of researchers in facilitating evaluation
• Frameworks and checklists for evaluation
• 21 Evidence-based Practice
• Introduction
• Justifying practice
• Rationale for evidence-based practice
• What is evidence-based practice?
• Steps in evidence-based practice
• Objectives of evidence-based practice
• Difference between evidence-based practice and research utilisation
• Types and levels of evidence
• Evidence-based nursing
• The nature of nursing knowledge
• Implementing evidence-based practice
• Nurses’ use of research
• Evidence-based practice: whose responsibility?
• Glossary
• Index