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• Instructions for online access
• Cover image
• Title Page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Section Authors
• Board of Reviewers
• Preface
• Section 1 Cellular Physiology
• 1 Principles of Cell and Membrane Function
• Overview of Eukaryotic Cells
• Vesicular Transport
• Electrochemical Gradient
• Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 2 Homeostasis
• Concept of Steady-State Balance
• Volumes and Composition of Body Fluid Compartments
• Maintenance of Cellular Homeostasis
• Principles of Epithelial Transport
• Key Concepts
• Additional Readings
• 3 Signal Transduction, Membrane Receptors, Second Messengers, and Regulation of Gene Expression
• Cell-to-Cell Communication
• Receptors
• Receptors and Signal Transduction Pathways
• Regulation of Gene Expression by Signal Transduction Pathways
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• Section 2 The Nervous System
• 4 The Nervous System
• Cellular Components of the Nervous System
• The Peripheral Nervous System
• The Central Nervous System
• Nervous Tissue Reactions to Injury
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 5 Generation and Conduction of Action Potentials
• Membrane Potentials
• Suprathreshold Response: The Action Potential
• Conduction of Action Potentials
• Key Concepts
• Additional Readings
• 6 Synaptic Transmission
• Electrical Synapses
• Chemical Synapses
• Synaptic Integration
• Modulation of Synaptic Activity
• Neurotransmitters
• Neurotransmitter Receptors
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 7 The Somatosensory System
• Subdivisions of the Somatosensory System
• Discriminatory Touch and Proprioception
• Thalamic and Cortical Somatosensory Areas
• Pain and Temperature Sensation
• Transduction in the Somatosensory System
• Centrifugal Control of Somatosensation
• Key Concepts
• Additional Readings
• 8 The Special Senses
• The Visual System
• The Auditory and Vestibular Systems
• The Chemical Senses
• Key Points
• Additional Reading
• 9 Organization of Motor Function
• Principles of Spinal Cord Organization
• Descending Motor Pathways
• Brainstem Control of Posture and Movement
• Motor Control by the Cerebral Cortex
• Motor Control by the Cerebellum
• Motor Control by the Basal Ganglia
• Eye Movement
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 10 Integrative Functions of the Nervous System
• The Cerebral Cortex
• Key Points
• Additional Reading
• 11 The Autonomic Nervous System and Its Central Control
• Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System
• Autonomic Ganglia
• Neurotransmitters
• Central Control of Autonomic Function
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• Section 3 Muscle
• 12 Skeletal Muscle Physiology
• Skeletal Muscle Physiology
• Organization of Skeletal Muscle
• Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity
• Skeletal Muscle Types
• Modulation of the Force of Contraction
• Modulation of Force by Reflex Arcs
• Skeletal Muscle Tone
• Energy Sources During Contraction
• Oxygen Debt
• Fatigue
• Growth and Development
• Denervation, Reinnervation, and Cross-Innervation
• Response to Exercise
• Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
• Biophysical Properties of Skeletal Muscle
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 13 Cardiac Muscle
• Basic Organization of Cardiac Muscle Cells
• Control of Cardiac Muscle Activity
• Regulation of the Force of Contraction
• Cardiac Muscle Metabolism
• Cardiac Muscle Hypertrophy
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 14 Smooth Muscle
• Overview of Smooth Muscle
• Structure of Smooth Muscle Cells
• Control of Smooth Muscle Activity
• Innervation of Smooth Muscle
• Regulation of Contraction
• Regulation of Myoplasmic Calcium Concentration
• Development and Hypertrophy
• Synthetic and Secretory Functions
• Biophysical Properties of Smooth Muscle
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• Section 4 The Cardiovascular System
• 15 Overview of Circulation
• The Heart
• The Cardiovascular Circuit
• Blood Vessels
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 16 Elements of Cardiac Function
• Electrical Properties of the Heart
• Conduction in Cardiac Fibers
• Cardiac Excitability
• Effects of Cycle Length
• Natural Excitation of the Heart and the Electrocardiogram
• Electrocardiography
• Arrhythmias
• The Cardiac Pump
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 17 Properties of the Vasculature
• Hemodynamics
• The Arterial System
• The Venous System
• Microcirculation and Lymphatic System
• Coronary Circulation
• Cutaneous Circulation
• Skeletal Muscle Circulation
• Cerebral Circulation
• Intestinal Circulation
• Hepatic Circulation
• Fetal Circulation
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 18 Regulation of the Heart and Vasculature
• Regulation of Heart Rate and Myocardial Performance
• Nervous Control of the Heart Rate
• Regulation of Myocardial Performance
• Regulation of the Peripheral Circulation
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 19 Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular System
• Regulation of Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure
• Vascular Function Curve
• Relating the Cardiac Function Curve to the Vascular Function Curve
• A More Complete Theoretical Model: The Two-Pump System
• Role of the Heart Rate in Control of Cardiac Output
• Ancillary Factors That Affect the Venous System and Cardiac Output
• Interplay of Central and Peripheral Factors in Control of the Circulation
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• Section 5 The Respiratory System
• 20 Introduction to the Respiratory System
• Lung Anatomical Structure/Function Relationships
• Circulatory Systems in the Lung
• Innervation
• Lung Embryology, Development, Aging, and Repair
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 21 Static Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics
• Pressures in the Respiratory System
• How a Pressure Gradient Is Created
• Lung Volumes and Their Measurement
• Measurement of Lung Volumes
• Determinants of Lung Volume
• Pressure-Volume Relationships
• Lung Compliance
• Surface Tension and Surfactant
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 22 Dynamic Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics
• Dynamic Lung Mechanics
• Work of Breathing
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 23 Ventilation, Perfusion, and Ventilation/Perfusion Relationships
• Ventilation
• Dead Space Ventilation: Anatomical and Physiological
• Alveolar Ventilation
• Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
• Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow
• Active Regulation of Blood Flow
• Ventilation/Perfusion Relationships
• Arterial Blood Hypoxemia, Hypoxia, and Hypercarbia
• Low Ventilation/Perfusion
• Alveolar Hypoventilation
• Diffusion Abnormalities
• Mechanisms of Hypercapnia
• Effect of 100% Oxygen on Arterial Blood Gas Abnormalities
• Regional Differences
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 24 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport
• Gas Diffusion
• Oxygen Transport
• Carbon Dioxide Transport
• Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Acid-Base Balance
• Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 25 Control of Respiration
• Ventilatory Control: An Overview
• Response to Carbon Dioxide
• Control of Ventilation: The Details
• Exercise
• Abnormalities in the Control of Breathing
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 26 Nonphysiological Functions of the Lung
• Host Defense
• Mucosal Immune System: Adaptive and Innate Immunity
• Epithelial Cells and Commensal Microbiota Protect the Lumen of the Airways
• Clinical Manifestations Associated With Abnormalities in Mucosal Innate and Adaptive Immunity
• Metabolic Functions of the Lung
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• Section 6 Gastrointestinal Physiology
• 27 Functional Anatomy and General Principles of Regulation in the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Functional Anatomy
• Regulatory Mechanisms in the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Response of the GI Tract to a Meal
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 28 The Cephalic, Oral, and Esophageal Phases of the Integrated Response to a Meal
• Cephalic and Oral Phases
• Esophageal Phase
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 29 The Gastric Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal
• Functional Anatomy of the Stomach
• Gastric Secretion
• Digestion in the Stomach
• Gastrointestinal Motility
• Gastric Motility
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 30 The Small Intestinal Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal
• Gastric Emptying in the Small Intestinal Phase
• Carbohydrate Assimilation
• Protein Assimilation
• Uptake of Peptides and Amino Acids
• Lipid Assimilation
• Water and Electrolyte Secretion and Absorption
• Absorption of Minerals and Water-Soluble Vitamins
• Motor Patterns of the Small Intestine
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 31 The Colonic Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal
• Overview of the Large Intestine
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 32 Transport and Metabolic Functions of the Liver
• Overview of the Liver and Its Functions
• Structural Features of the Liver and Biliary System
• Bile Formation and Secretion
• Ammonia Handling by the Liver
• Clinical Assessment of Liver Function
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• Section 7 The Renal System
• 33 Elements of Renal Function
• Overview of Renal Function
• Functional Anatomy of the Kidneys
• Assessment of Renal Function
• Glomerular Filtration
• Renal Blood Flow
• Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 34 Solute and Water Transport Along the Nephron
• Solute and Water Reabsorption Along the Nephron
• Regulation of NaCl and Water Reabsorption
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 35 Control of Body Fluid Osmolality and Volume
• Control of Body Fluid Osmolality: Urine Concentration and Dilution
• Control of Extracellular Fluid Volume and Regulation of Renal NaCl Excretion
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 36 Potassium, Calcium, and Phosphate Homeostasis
• K+ Homeostasis
• Regulation of Plasma [K+]
• Alterations in Plasma [K+]
• K+ Excretion by the Kidneys
• Cellular Mechanism of K+ Secretion by Principal Cells and Intercalated Cells
• Regulation of K+ Secretion by the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
• Factors That Perturb K+ Excretion
• Overview of Calcium and Inorganic Phosphate Homeostasis
• Integrative Review of Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitriol on Ca++ and Pi Homeostasis
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 37 Role of the Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
• The HCO3− Buffer System
• Overview of Acid-Base Balance
• Net Acid Excretion by the Kidneys
• Response to Acid-Base Disorders
• Simple Acid-Base Disorders
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• Section 8 The Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
• 38 Introduction to the Endocrine System
• Configuration of Feedback Loops Within the Endocrine System
• Chemical Nature of Hormones
• Transport of Hormones in the Circulation
• Cellular Responses to Hormones
• Key Points
• Additional Readings
• 39 Hormonal Regulation of Energy Metabolism
• Continual Energy Supply and Demand: The Challenge
• Integrated Overview of Energy Metabolism
• Pancreatic Hormones Involved in Metabolic Homeostasis During Different Metabolic Phases
• Hormonal Regulation of Specific Metabolic Reactions and Pathways
• Leptin and Energy Balance
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 40 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
• Crucial Roles of Calcium and Phosphate in Cellular Physiology
• Physiological Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Parathyroid Hormone and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
• Regulation of [Ca++] and [Pi] by Small Intestine and Bone
• Physiology of Bone
• Integrated Physiological Regulation of Ca++/Pi Metabolism
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 41 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Anatomy
• The Neurohypophysis
• The Adenohypophysis
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 42 The Thyroid Gland
• Anatomy and Histology of the Thyroid Gland
• Production of Thyroid Hormones
• Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones
• Regulation of Thyroid Function
• Physiological Effects of Thyroid Hormone
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 43 The Adrenal Gland
• Anatomy
• Adrenal Medulla
• Adrenal Cortex
• Key Concepts
• Additional Reading
• 44 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
• The Male Reproductive System
• The Female Reproductive System
• Additional Reading
• Index