Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Preface: why?
• 1 The world as it was and the world as it is
• 1.1 Early ecological history
• 1.2 The more recent past
• 1.3 Characteristics of freshwater organisms
• 1.4 Freshwater biodiversity
• 1.5 A spanner in the works?
• 1.6 Politics and pollution
• 1.7 On the nature of textbooks
• 1.8 Further reading
• 2 Early evolution and diversity of freshwater organisms
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 The freshwater biota
• 2.3 Bacteria
• 2.4 The variety of bacteria
• 2.5 Viruses
• 2.6 Two sorts of cells
• 2.7 The diversity of microbial eukaryotes
• 2.8 Algae
• 2.9 Kingdoms of eukaryotes
• 2.10 Further reading
• 3 Diversity continued
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Osmoregulation
• 3.3 Reproduction, resting stages and aestivation
• 3.4 Getting enough oxygen
• 3.5 Insects
• 3.6 Big animals, air‐breathers and swamps
• 3.7 Dispersal among freshwaters
• 3.8 Patterns in freshwater diversity
• 3.9 Fish faunas
• 3.10 The fish of Lake Victoria
• 3.11 Overall diversity in freshwaters
• 3.12 Environmental DNA
• 3.13 Further reading
• 4 Water
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 The molecular properties of water and their physical consequences
• 4.3 Melting and evaporation
• 4.4 How much water is there and where is it?
• 4.5 Patterns in hydrology
• 4.6 Bodies of water and their temperatures
• 4.7 An overview of mixing patterns
• 4.8 Viscosity of water and fluid dynamics
• 4.9 Diffusion
• 4.10 Further reading
• 5 Water as a habitat
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Polar and covalent compounds
• 5.3 The atmosphere
• 5.4 Carbon dioxide
• 5.5 Major ions
• 5.6 The big picture
• 5.7 Further reading
• 6 Key nutrients, trace elements and organic matter
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Concepts of limiting substances
• 6.3 Experiments on nutrient limitation
• 6.4 Nutrient supply and need
• 6.5 Phosphorus
• 6.6 Nitrogen
• 6.7 Pristine concentrations
• 6.8 Trace elements and silicon
• 6.9 Organic substances
• 6.10 Substance budgets and movements
• 6.11 Sediment–water relationships
• 6.12 Further reading
• 7 Light thrown upon the waters
• 7.1 Light
• 7.2 Effects of the atmosphere
• 7.3 From above to under the water
• 7.4 Remote sensing
• 7.5 Further reading
• 8 Headwater streams and rivers
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 General models of stream ecosystems
• 8.3 The basics of stream flow
• 8.4 Flow and discharge
• 8.5 Laminar and turbulent flow
• 8.6 Particles carried
• 8.7 The response of stream organisms to shear stress
• 8.8 Community composition in streams
• 8.9 Algal and plant communities
• 8.10 Macroinvertebrates
• 8.11 Streams in different climates: the polar and alpine zones
• 8.12 Invertebrates of kryal streams
• 8.13 Food webs in cold streams
• 8.14 Stream systems in the cold‐temperate zone
• 8.15 Allochthonous sources of energy
• 8.16 Stream orders
• 8.17 The river continuum concept
• 8.18 Indirectly, wolves are stream animals too
• 8.19 Scarcity of nutrients
• 8.20 Warm‐temperate streams
• 8.21 Desert streams
• 8.22 Tropical streams
• 8.23 Further reading
• 9 Uses, misuses and restoration of headwater streams and rivers
• 9.1 Traditional use of headwater river systems
• 9.2 Deforestation
• 9.3 Acidification
• 9.4 Eutrophication
• 9.5 Commercial afforestation
• 9.6 Settlement
• 9.7 Engineering impacts
• 9.8 Alterations of the fish community and introduced species
• 9.9 Sewage and toxic pollution and their treatment
• 9.10 Diffuse pollution
• 9.11 River monitoring
• 9.12 The Water Framework Directive
• 9.13 Implementation of the Directive
• 9.14 Restoration and rehabilitation ecology
• 9.15 Further reading
• 10 Rich systems: floodplain rivers
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 From an erosive river to a depositional one
• 10.3 Submerged plants
• 10.4 Growth of submerged plants
• 10.5 Methods of measuring the primary productivity of submerged plants
• 10.6 Enclosure methods
• 10.7 Other methods
• 10.8 Submerged plants and the river ecosystem
• 10.9 Farther downstream: swamps and floodplains
• 10.10 Productivity of swamps and floodplain marshes
• 10.11 Swamp soils and the fate of the high primary production
• 10.12 Oxygen supply and soil chemistry in swamps
• 10.13 Emergent plants and flooded soils
• 10.14 Swamp and marsh animals
• 10.15 Whitefish and blackfish
• 10.16 Latitudinal differences in floodplains
• 10.17 Polar floodplains
• 10.18 Cold‐temperate floodplains
• 10.19 Warm‐temperate floodplains
• 10.20 Tropical floodplains
• 10.21 The Sudd
• 10.22 Further reading
• 11 Floodplains and human affairs
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Floodplain services
• 11.3 Floodplain fisheries
• 11.4 Floodplain swamps and human diseases
• 11.5 Case studies: the Pongola River
• 11.6 River and floodplain management and rehabilitation
• 11.7 Mitigation: plant bed management in rivers
• 11.8 Enhancement
• 11.9 Rehabilitation
• 11.10 Inter‐basin transfers and water needs
• 11.11 Further reading
• 12 Lakes and other standing waters
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 The origins of lake basins
• 12.3 Lake structure
• 12.4 The importance of the catchment area
• 12.5 Lakes as autotrophic or heterotrophic systems
• 12.6 The continuum of lakes
• 12.7 Lake history
• 12.8 Organic remains
• 12.9 General problems of interpretation of evidence from sediment cores
• 12.10 Two ancient lakes
• 12.11 Younger lakes
• 12.12 Filling in
• 12.13 Summing‐up
• 12.14 Further reading
• 13 The communities of shallow standing waters: mires, shallow lakes and the littoral zone
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 What determines the nature of mires and littoral zones?
• 13.3 Temperature
• 13.4 Nutrients
• 13.5 Littoral communities in lakes
• 13.6 The structure of littoral communities
• 13.7 Periphyton
• 13.8 Heterotrophs among the plants
• 13.9 Neuston
• 13.10 Linkages, risks and insurances among the littoral communities
• 13.11 Latitude and littorals
• 13.12 The role of the nekton
• 13.13 Further reading
• 14 Plankton communities of the pelagic zone
• 14.1 Kitchens and toilets
• 14.2 Phytoplankton and sinking
• 14.3 Photosynthesis and growth of phytoplankton
• 14.4 Net production and growth
• 14.5 Nutrient uptake and growth rates of phytoplankton
• 14.6 Distribution of freshwater phytoplankton
• 14.7 Washout
• 14.8 Cyanobacterial blooms
• 14.9 Heterotrophs in the plankton: viruses and bacteria
• 14.10 The microbial pathway
• 14.11 Zooplankton
• 14.12 Grazing
• 14.13 Feeding and grazing rates of zooplankton
• 14.14 Competition and predation among grazers
• 14.15 Predation on zooplankters by invertebrates
• 14.16 Fishes in the open‐water community
• 14.17 Predation on the zooplankton and fish production
• 14.18 Avoidance of vertebrate predation by the zooplankton
• 14.19 Piscivores and piscivory
• 14.20 Functioning of the open‐water community
• 14.21 Polar lakes
• 14.22 Cold‐temperate lakes
• 14.23 Warm‐temperate lakes
• 14.24 Very warm lakes in the tropics
• 14.25 Further reading
• 15 The profundal zone and carbon storage
• 15.1 The end of the line
• 15.2 The importance of oxygen
• 15.3 Profundal communities
• 15.4 Biology of selected benthic invertebrates
• 15.5 What the sediment‐living detritivores really eat
• 15.6 Influence of the open‐water community on the profundal benthos
• 15.7 Sediment storage and the global carbon cycle
• 15.8 Further reading
• 16 Fisheries in standing waters
• 16.1 Some general principles
• 16.2 Some basic fish biology
• 16.3 Eggs
• 16.4 Feeding
• 16.5 Breeding
• 16.6 Choice of fish for a fishery
• 16.7 Measurement of fish production
• 16.8 Growth measurement
• 16.9 Fish production and commercial fisheries in lakes
• 16.10 Changes in fisheries: a case study
• 16.11 The East African Great Lakes
• 16.12 Fish culture
• 16.13 Stillwater angling
• 16.14 Amenity culture and the aquarium trade
• 16.15 Further reading
• 17 The uses, abuses and restoration of standing waters
• 17.1 Introduction
• 17.2 Services provided by standing waters
• 17.3 Domestic water supply, eutrophication and reservoirs
• 17.4 Eutrophication – nutrient pollution
• 17.5 Dams and reservoirs
• 17.6 Fisheries in new lakes
• 17.7 Effects downstream of the new lake
• 17.8 New tropical lakes and human populations
• 17.9 Man‐made tropical lakes, the balance of pros and cons
• 17.10 Amenity and conservation
• 17.11 The alternative states model
• 17.12 Ponds
• 17.13 Restoration approaches for standing waters: symptom treatment
• 17.14 Treatment of proximate causes: nutrient control
• 17.15 Present supplies of phosphorus, their relative contributions and how they are related to the algal crop
• 17.16 Methods available for reducing total phosphorus loads
• 17.17 In‐lake methods
• 17.18 Complications for phosphorus control – sediment sources
• 17.19 Nitrogen reduction
• 17.20 Habitat creation
• 17.21 Further reading
• 18 Climate change and the future of freshwaters
• 18.1 Introduction
• 18.2 Climate change
• 18.3 Existing effects of freshwaters
• 18.4 Future effects
• 18.5 Future effects on freshwaters
• 18.6 Switches and feedbacks
• 18.7 Wicked problems
• 18.8 Mitigation of global warming
• 18.9 The remedy of ultimate causes
• 18.10 Rewilding the world
• 18.11 Reforming governments
• 18.12 Further reading
• References
• Index
• End User License Agreement