Efnisyfirlit

• Half-title
• Title page
• Copyright information
• Dedication
• Table of contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Boxes
• Preface
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 How Theories are Developed
• 1.2 The Biomedical Model
• 1.2.1 What is the Difference Between a Mental and a Physical Illness?
• 1.2.2 Dualism
• 1.2.3 Dualism and the Perils of Reductionism
• 1.3 Do Discrete Mental Illnesses Exist?
• 1.4 Diagnosing Discrete Mental Distress Conditions
• 1.4.1 Diagnostic Reliability of the Psychoses using Operational Criteria
• 1.4.2 Manic-Depression and Schizophrenia
• 1.4.3 Schizoaffective Disorder
• 1.5 Alternatives to the Idea of Discrete Categories
• 1.5.1 Spectra of Behaviour
• 1.5.2 Symptom Clusters and Dimensional Models
• 1.6 Features of Complex Behaviour
• 1.6.1 Causality
• 1.6.2 Does ‘Mental Illness’ Exist?
• 1.7 The Role of Psychology
• Further Reading
• Articles
• Books
• 2 Madness – A History of Ideas
• Introduction
• 2.1 Humoral Theory
• 2.2 Cartesian Dualism
• 2.3 Associationism
• 2.4 Nervous Disorders
• 2.5 Faculty Psychology
• 2.6 Phrenology and Localisation – Mapping Behaviour to the Brain
• 2.6.1 General Paresis of the Insane
• 2.6.2 Moving Away from Localisation
• 2.7 Asylums
• 2.7.1 Philippe Pinel and the Bicêtre Hospital
• 2.7.2 Moral Treatment
• 2.7.3 Alienists and Descriptive Psychopathology
• 2.8 Degenerationism
• 2.9 Neurasthenia
• 2.10 Kraepelinian Nosology
• 2.11 Psychoanalysis
• 2.12 Adolf Meyer and the Emergence of Social Psychiatry
• 2.13 Madness in a Neo-Kraepelinian World
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Articles
• Books
• 3 Emotion
• Introduction
• 3.1 Emotions
• 3.1.1 Problems with Studying Emotion
• 3.2 Basic Emotions
• 3.2.1 How are Emotions Experienced?
• 3.2.2 How are Emotions Generated?
• 3.3 Emotion and Motivation
• 3.3.1 Approach (Appetitive) Emotions
• 3.3.2 Withdrawal (Avoidance) Emotions
• 3.4 Stress, Personality and Affect
• 3.4.1 Anhedonia
• 3.4.2 Subjective Well-Being
• 3.5 Psychological Equilibrium
• 3.6 Social Cognition
• 3.6.1 Self-Regulation
• 3.6.2 Emotional Regulation
• 3.6.3 Using Emotions
• 3.6.4 Reappraising and Ruminating
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Articles
• Books
• 4 Control, Stress and Coping
• 4.1 The Further Actions of Prefrontal Cortex
• 4.1.1 Cognitive Control
• 4.1.2 Why is Control Important?
• 4.1.3 How is Control Assessed?
• 4.1.4 The Cascade Model of Cognitive Control
• 4.2 Self-Regulation
• 4.2.1 Goals and Sub-Goals
• 4.2.2 Are All Goals Conscious?
• 4.3 The Neurobiology of Stress
• 4.3.1 The Sympathetic Adrenomedullary System
• 4.3.2 The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis
• 4.3.3 Allostatic Load
• 4.4 Resilience
• 4.5 Coping
• 4.5.1 Coping Resources: Dispositional Factors
• 4.5.2 Coping Resources: Social Support
• 4.5.3 Coping Processes
• 4.5.4 Back to Emotional Regulation
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Articles
• Book
• 5 Distress
• 5.1 Depression and Anxiety
• 5.1.1 The Basics
• 5.1.2 Aetiology and Treatments
• 5.1.3 Depression and Anxiety in History
• 5.2 The Emotional Disorders
• 5.3 The Neural Substrates of the Emotional Disorders
• 5.4 The Hippocampal Formation
• 5.4.1 What Do We Know about the Functions of the Hippocampal Formation?
• 5.4.2 The Hippocampus and Memory
• 5.4.3 Stress and Context
• 5.4.4 The Role of Neurogenesis in Human Behaviour
• 5.5 The Potential Relationship between the Hippocampi, Neurogenesis and Mental Distress
• 5.5.1 Neuroplasticity and Mental Distress
• 5.6 Depression
• 5.6.1 The Hippocampus in Depression
• 5.6.2 The Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Depression
• 5.6.3 The Basal Ganglia in Depression
• 5.7 Treating Depression
• 5.7.1 The Brain’s Default Mode Network
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Articles
• Books
• 6 Psychosocial Perspectives on Distress
• 6.1 Distress: A Normal Response or a Clinical Disorder?
• 6.2 The Vulnerability–Stress Hypothesis
• 6.3 A Social Psychiatric Perspective
• 6.3.1 Psychosocial Vulnerabilities
• 6.3.2 A Lifespan Perspective
• 6.4 A Social Cognitive Perspective
• 6.4.1 The Cognitive Vulnerability Hypothesis
• 6.4.2 An Attachment Framework
• 6.5 A Social-Materialist Perspective
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Articles
• Books
• 7 Psychosis: Symptoms and Causes
• 7.1 The Symptoms of Psychosis
• 7.1.1 Disordered Thought
• 7.2 Epidemiology of Psychosis
• 7.2.1 What Causes Psychosis?
• 7.3 Brain Changes in Psychosis
• 7.3.1 Dopamine and Psychosis
• 7.3.2 Antipsychotics
• 7.3.3 Extrapyramidal Side Effects and the Role of Dopamine in Movement
• 7.3.4 The Efficacy of Medication
• 7.3.5 The Action of Neuroleptics
• 7.3.6 Atypical Neuroleptics
• 7.3.7 The Status of Antipsychotics
• 7.4 The Dopamine Hypothesis
• 7.5 Revising the Dopamine Hypothesis
• 7.5.1 The Status of the Dopamine Hypothesis of Depression
• 7.6 The Neuropsychology of Psychosis
• 7.6.1 Psychological Theories of Psychosis
• 7.6.2 Testing the Theories using Traditional Frontal Lobe Tasks
• 7.6.3 Concept Formation, Reward and the WCST
• 7.6.4 Incentive Salience
• 7.6.5 What do Neuropsychological Theories Offer?
• 7.7 Problems with Insight
• 7.8 Problems with Connectivity in Psychosis
• 7.8.1 Default Mode Network
• 7.8.2 Hippocampal and Prefrontal Pathway
• 7.8.3 Implications of Connectivity Problems
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Articles
• Books
• 8 Psychosocial Perspectives on Psychosis
• Introduction
• 8.1 The Views of People who have Psychotic Experiences
• 8.2 The Vulnerability–Stress Hypothesis
• 8.2.1 Vulnerability
• 8.2.2 Stress
• 8.2.3 The Vulnerability–Stress Hypothesis Revisited
• 8.3 Environmental Risk Factors for Psychosis
• 8.3.1 Childhood Trauma
• 8.3.2 Poverty
• 8.3.3 Urbanicity
• 8.3.4 Migration and Minority Ethnicity
• 8.3.5 Social Hostility and Re-Traumatisation
• 8.3.6 How do Environmental Factors ‘Get into the Mind’?
• 8.4 Is There a Clear Distinction between Psychosis and Normality?
• 8.4.1 A Psychosis Continuum
• 8.4.2 Emotion and Psychosis
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Articles
• Books
• 9 Recovery
• Introduction
• 9.1 Models of Mental Distress
• 9.2 Defining Recovery
• 9.3 The Recovery Journey
• 9.4 What Helps?
• 9.4.1 Adaptation and Coping Strategies
• 9.4.2 Personal Control
• 9.4.3 Personal Relationships and Social Support
• 9.4.4 Employment
• 9.4.5 De-Stigmatisation
• 9.5 The Contribution of Mental Health Professionals to Recovery
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Articles
• Books
• 10 Psychological Therapies
• Introduction
• 10.1 Diagnosis or Formulation?
• 10.2 Does Psychological Therapy Work?
• 10.2.1 Outcomes Research
• 10.2.2 Empirically Supported Therapies
• 10.2.3 The Limitations of Randomised Controlled Trials
• 10.2.4 Practice-Based Research
• 10.2.5 Process Research
• 10.3 So Just How do Psychological Therapies Work?
• 10.4 Can Psychological Therapy be Harmful?
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Articles
• Books
• 11 The Treatment of Mental Distress with Psychiatric Medication
• 11.1 Modern Pharmaceutical Research
• 11.1.1 Serendipity
• 11.2 The Early History of Psychoactive Drugs
• 11.3 The Later History of Psychiatric Drugs
• 11.4 The Clinical Trial
• 11.4.1 Problems Involved in Testing Pharmacological Treatments
• 11.4.2 Pragmatic Clinical Trials
• 11.5 Clinical Effectiveness
• 11.5.1 Meta-Analyses of Treatment Effectiveness
• 11.6 The Clinical Effectiveness of Antidepressants
• 11.6.1 Irving Kirsch and the Use of Unpublished Clinical Data
• 11.6.2 The Exploration of Dirk Eyding and Co-Workers (2010) into Reboxetine, a Selective Noradrenali
• 11.6.3 The STAR*D Study – an Example of Researcher Bias
• 11.6.4 An Analysis of these Studies
• 11.7 Models of Drug Action
• 11.8 Things to Consider in Future Research
• Chapter Summary
• Further Reading
• Articles
• Books
• 12 Conclusions
• 12.1 The Dynamic Brain
• 12.1.1 Cognitive Reserve
• 12.1.2 Other Forms of Dynamism
• 12.1.3 Flashbulb and False Memories
• 12.1.4 Confabulation
• 12.1.5 Self and Context
• 12.2 Social Context
• 12.2.1 Social Causation
• 12.2.2 The Importance of Social Relationships
• 12.2.3 Social Identity
• 12.2.4 Social Power
• 12.3 Things to Think About
• Further Reading
• References
• Index