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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• CONTENTS IN BRIEF
• CONTENTS
• Preface
• INTRODUCTION
• 1 Botany: An Introduction
• Evolution of Plants
• Evolution of Communities
• Appearance of Human Beings
• SECTION 1 BIOLOGY OF THE PLANT CELL
• 2 The Molecular Composition of Plant Cells
• Organic Molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• ESSAY: Vegetarians, Amino Acids, and Nitrogen
• Nucleic Acids
• Secondary Metabolites
• 3 The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle
• Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• ESSAY: Cell Theory versus Organismal Theory
• The Plant Cell: An Overview
• Nucleus
• Chloroplasts and Other Plastids
• Mitochondria
• Peroxisomes
• Vacuoles
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Cytoskeleton
• ESSAY: Cytoplasmic Streaming in Giant Algal Cells
• Flagella and Cilia
• Cell Wall
• The Cell Cycle
• Interphase
• Mitosis and Cytokinesis
• 4 The Movement of Substances into and out of Cells
• Principles of Water Movement
• Cells and Diffusion
• Osmosis and Living Organisms
• ESSAY: Imbibition
• Structure of Cellular Membranes
• Transport of Solutes across Membranes
• ESSAY: Patch-Clamp Recording in the Study of Ion Channels
• Vesicle-Mediated Transport
• Cell-to-Cell Communication
• SECTION 2 ENERGETICS
• 5 The Flow of Energy
• The Laws of Thermodynamics
• Oxidation–Reduction
• Enzymes
• Cofactors in Enzyme Action
• Metabolic Pathways
• Regulation of Enzyme Activity
• The Energy Factor: ATP
• 6 Respiration
• An Overview of Glucose Oxidation
• Glycolysis
• The Aerobic Pathway
• ESSAY: Bioluminescence
• Other Substrates for Respiration
• Anaerobic Pathways
• ESSAY: The Botany of Beer
• The Strategy of Energy Metabolism
• 7 Photosynthesis, Light, and Life
• Photosynthesis: A Historical Perspective
• The Nature of Light
• ESSAY: The Fitness of Light
• The Role of Pigments
• The Reactions of Photosynthesis
• The Carbon-Fixation Reactions
• ESSAY: Global Warming: The Future Is Now
• SECTION 3 GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
• 8 Sexual Reproduction and Heredity
• Sexual Reproduction
• The Eukaryotic Chromosome
• The Process of Meiosis
• How Characteristics Are Inherited
• Mendel’s Two Principles
• Linkage
• Mutations
• Broadening the Concept of the Gene
• Asexual Reproduction: An Alternative Strategy
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual and Sexual Reprodution
• ESSAY: Vegetative Reproduction: Some Ways and Means
• 9 The Chemistry of Heredity and Gene Expression
• The Structure of DNA
• DNA Replication
• From DNA to Protein: The Role of RNA
• The Genetic Code
• Protein Synthesis
• Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
• The DNA of the Eukaryotic Chromosome
• Transcription and Processing of mRNA in Eukaryotes
• Noncoding RNAs and Gene Regulation
• 10 Recombinant DNA Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Genomics
• Recombinant DNA Technology
• Plant Biotechnology
• ESSAY: Model Plants: Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa
• ESSAY: Totipotency
• Genomics
• 11 The Process of Evolution
• Darwin’s Theory
• The Concept of the Gene Pool
• The Behavior of Genes in Populations: The Hardy-Weinberg Law
• The Agents of Change
• Responses to Selection
• ESSAY: Invasive Plants
• The Result of Natural Selection: Adaptation
• The Origin of Species
• How Does Speciation Occur?
• ESSAY: Adaptive Radiation in Hawaiian Lobeliads
• The Origin of Major Groups of Organisms
• SECTION 4 DIVERSITY
• 12 Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity
• Taxonomy: Nomenclature and Classification
• ESSAY: Convergent Evolution
• Cladistics
• Molecular Systematics
• ESSAY: Google Earth: A Tool for Discovering and Protecting Biodiversity
• The Major Groups of Organisms: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
• Origin of the Eukaryotes
• The Protists and Eukaryotic Kingdoms
• Life Cycles and Diploidy
• 13 Prokaryotes and Viruses
• Characteristics of the Prokaryotic Cell
• Diversity of Form
• Reproduction and Gene Exchange
• Endospores
• Metabolic Diversity
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Viruses
• Viroids: Other Infectious Particles
• 14 Fungi
• The Importance of Fungi
• Characteristics of Fungi
• ESSAY: Phototroprism in a Fungus
• Microsporidians: Phylum Microsporidia
• Chytrids: A Polyphyletic Group of Fungi with Flagellated Cells
• Zygomycetes: A Polyphyletic Group of Filamentous Fungi
• Glomeromycetes: Phylum Glomeromycota
• Ascomycetes: Phylum Ascomycota
• Basidiomycetes: Phylum Basidiomycota
• ESSAY: Predaceous Fungi
• Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
• ESSAY: From Pathogen to Symbiont: Fungal Endophytes
• 15 Protists: Algae and Heterotrophic Protists
• Ecology of the Algae
• ESSAY: Algae and Human Affairs
• ESSAY: Red Tides/Toxic Blooms
• Euglenoids
• Cryptomonads: Phylum Cryptophyta
• Haptophytes: Phylum Haptophyta
• Dinoflagellates
• ESSAY: Coral Reefs and Global Warming
• Photosynthetic Stramenopiles
• Red Algae: Phylum Rhodophyta
• Green Algae
• Heterotrophic Protists
• 16 Bryophytes
• The Relationships of Bryophytes to Other Groups
• Comparative Structure and Reproduction of Bryophytes
• Liverworts: Phylum Marchantiophyta
• Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta
• Hornworts: Phylum Anthocerotophyta
• 17 Seedless Vascular Plants
• Evolution of Vascular Plants
• Organization of the Vascular Plant Body
• Reproductive Systems
• The Phyla of Seedless Vascular Plants
• ESSAY: Coal Age Plants
• Phylum Rhyniophyta
• Phylum Zosterophyllophyta
• Phylum Trimerophytophyta
• Phylum Lycopodiophyta
• Phylum Monilophyta
• 18 Gymnosperms
• Evolution of the Seed
• Progymnosperms
• Extinct Gymnosperms
• Living Gymnosperms
• Phylum Coniferophyta
• Other Living Gymnosperm Phyla: Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta
• 19 Introduction to the Angiosperms
• Diversity in the Phylum Anthophyta
• The Flower
• The Angiosperm Life Cycle
• ESSAY: Hay Fever
• 20 Evolution of the Angiosperms
• Angiosperm Ancestors
• Time of Origin and Diversification of the Angiosperms
• Phylogenetic Relationships of the Angiosperms
• Evolution of the Flower
• Evolution of Fruits
• Biochemical Coevolution
• 21 Plants and People
• The Rise of Agriculture
• ESSAY: The Origin of Maize
• The Growth of Human Populations
• ESSAY: Biofuels: Part of the Solution, or Another Problem?
• Agriculture in the Future
• SECTION 5 THE ANGIOSPERM PLANT BODY: STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
• 22 Early Development of the Plant Body
• Formation of the Embryo
• The Mature Embryo
• Seed Maturation
• Requirements for Seed Germination
• ESSAY: Wheat: Bread and Bran
• From Embryo to Adult Plant
• 23 Cells and Tissues of the Plant Body
• Apical Meristems and Their Derivatives
• Growth, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation
• Internal Organization of the Plant Body
• Ground Tissues
• Vascular Tissues
• Dermal Tissues
• 24 The Root: Structure and Development
• Root Systems
• Origin and Growth of Primary Tissues
• Primary Structure
• Effect of Secondary Growth on the Primary Body of the Root
• Origin of Lateral Roots
• Aerial Roots and Air Roots
• Adaptations for Food Storage: Fleshy Roots
• ESSAY: Getting to the Root of Organ Development
• 25 The Shoot: Primary Structure and Development
• Origin and Growth of the Primary Tissues of the Stem
• Primary Structure of the Stem
• Relation between the Vascular Tissues of the Stem and Leaf
• Morphology and Structure of the Leaf
• ESSAY: Leaf Dimorphism in Aquatic Plants
• Grass Leaves
• Development of the Leaf
• ESSAY: Strong, Versatile, Sustainable Bamboo
• Leaf Abscission
• Transition between the Vascular Systems of the Root and Shoot
• Development of the Flower
• Stem and Leaf Modifications
• 26 Secondary Growth in Stems
• Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials
• The Vascular Cambium
• Effect of Secondary Growth on the Primary Body of the Stem
• Wood: Secondary Xylem
• ESSAY: The Truth about Knots
• SECTION 6 PHYSIOLOGY OF SEED PLANTS
• 27 Regulating Growth and Development: The Plant Hormones
• Auxins
• Cytokinins
• Ethylene
• Abscisic Acid
• Gibberellins
• Brassinosteroids
• The Molecular Basis of Hormone Action
• 28 External Factors and Plant Growth
• The Tropisms
• Circadian Rhythms
• Photoperiodism
• The Floral Stimulus
• Vernalization: Cold and the Flowering Response
• Dormancy
• ESSAY: Doomsday Seed Vault: Securing Crop Diversity
• Nastic Movements and Solar Tracking
• 29 Plant Nutrition and Soils
• Essential Elements
• Functions of Essential Elements
• The Soil
• Nutrient Cycles
• Nitrogen and the Nitrogen Cycle
• ESSAY: Carnivorous Plants
• Phosphorus and the Phosphorus Cycle
• Human Impact on Nutrient Cycles and Effects of Pollution
• Soils and Agriculture
• ESSAY: Halophytes: A Future Resource?
• ESSAY: Compost
• Plant Nutrition Research
• ESSAY: The Water Cycle
• 30 The Movement of Water and Solutes in Plants
• Movement of Water and Inorganic Nutrients through the Plant Body
• ESSAY: Green Roofs: A Cool Alternative
• Absorption of Water and Ions by Roots
• Assimilate Transport: Movement of Substances through the Phloem
• Appendix: Classification of Organisms
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• Glossary
• Illustration Credits
• Index