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• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Photographs
• List of Tables
• List of Boxes
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• Part I Introduction
• Chapter 1 Sociology: The Discipline
• What Is Sociology?
• Characteristics of Sociology
• Sociology and Common Sense
• Sociology as a Science
• Science as a Way of Thinking
• The Norms of Science
• Sociology as a Social Science
• Can Human Behavior Be Studied Scientifically?
• An Analogy: Meteorology
• Complications in the Study of Human Behavior
• The Sociological Imagination
• Sociology and the Other Social Sciences
• Sociology
• The Other Social Sciences
• The Emergence and Development of Sociology
• The Nineteenth Century
• Early Sociologists
• The Development of Sociology in the United States
• The Chicago School
• Symbolic-Interactionism
• 1940–1960: A Turn from Activism
• The 1960s: Return to Activism
• The 1970s into the New Millennium: Diversity in Sociological Perspectives
• PUTTING SOCIOLOGY TO WORK
• How Sociology Can Be Used to Solve Real-Life Problems
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Chapter 2 How Sociology Is Done
• Social Theory and Research
• Cause and Effect
• Theory and Values
• Theories Versus Values: Why Does It Matter?
• The Relationship Between Theory and Research
• Using and Measuring Variables
• Independent Variables
• Dependent Variables
• Operational Definitions
• Validity and Reliability
• Correlation
• Control Variables
• Key Research Methods in Sociology
• Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
• Experiments
• Experimental and Control Groups
• Field Experiments
• Survey Research
• Questionnaires
• Telephone Interviews
• Personal Interviews
• Survey Questions
• Sampling
• Field Observation
• Field Observation and Theory Generation
• Participant Observation
• Unobtrusive Observation
• Use of Existing Data Sources
• Data Archives
• The U.S. Census
• Content Analysis
• Reading Tables
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Part II Society and Human Interaction
• Chapter 3 Perspectives on Society and Interaction
• Perspectives in Sociology
• Macrosociology and Microsociology
• Macrosociology I: The Functionalist Perspective
• The Functionalist Perspective Defined
• Key Principles of the Functionalist Perspective
• Consensus and Cooperation
• Functions and Dysfunctions
• Macrosociology II: The Conflict Perspective
• The Conflict Perspective Defined
• Macrosociological Perspectives: Is Synthesis Possible?
• Functional for Whom? Another Look
• Simultaneous Forces for Cooperation and Conflict
• Macrosociological Perspectives: A Final Note
• Microsociology: The Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective
• The Interactionist Perspective Defined
• Interpreting Situations and Messages
• The Social Construction of Reality
• Social Roles
• Sending Messages: The Presentation of Self
• Micro- and Macrosociology: Is Synthesis Possible?
• Simultaneous Effects of Function, Conflict, and Interaction
• Exchange Theory
• Using All Three Perspectives: An Example
• The Three Perspectives and This Book
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Chapter 4 Culture and Social Structure
• Society, Culture, and Social Structure
• What Is Culture?
• Shared Truths: Knowledge, Language, and Beliefs
• Shared Values
• Ideology
• Social Norms
• What Is Social Structure?
• Social Status
• Roles
• Division of Labor
• Stratification
• Relationships Between Roles and Statuses
• Institutions
• Perspectives on Culture and Social Structure
• The Functionalist Perspective: Adaptation of Culture and Social Structure to the Environment
• Cultural and Structural Variation: Do Cultural or Structural Universals Exist?
• Universal Social Tasks
• The Conflict Perspective and Culture
• Incompatibilities Between Culture and Social Structure
• Sewell’s Duality of Structure Theory
• Culture Against Structure: The Functionalist Perspective
• Subcultures in Mass Society
• Culture Against Structure: The Conflict Perspective
• PUTTING SOCIOLOGY TO WORK
• Multiculturalism: A Pathway to Cooperation in a Diverse Society?
• American Culture
• Core American Values and Beliefs
• Ideal Versus Real Culture
• Recent Changes in American Values and Beliefs
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Chapter 5 Socialization
• Becoming “Human” Through Socialization
• Learning About Norms and Social Roles
• Theories of Socialization and Development
• Nature Versus Nurture
• Interactionist Theories of Socialization: Mead and Cooley
• Theories About Social Expectations and Personal Dilemmas: Freud and Erikson
• Cognitive Development Theories of Socialization: Piaget and Kohlberg
• Overview of Theories of Socialization
• Agents of Socialization
• The Family
• Schools
• Religion
• Peers
• The Media
• How Socialization Works
• Conflicting Messages
• Socialization in Adulthood
• Life Cycle Roles
• Role Change, Adult Socialization, and Stress
• Resocialization in Total Institutions
• Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives on Socialization
• The Functionalist Perspective
• The Conflict Perspective
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Part III Social Structure and Inequality
• Chapter 6 Stratification: Structured Social Inequality
• What Is Stratification?
• Dimensions of Stratification
• The Economic Dimension
• The Political Dimension
• The Social Prestige Dimension
• The Distribution of Wealth and Income in the United States
• The Distribution of Income
• The Distribution of Wealth
• Socioeconomic Mobility
• Caste Systems
• Estate or Feudal Systems
• Class Systems
• International Comparisons of Mobility
• Social Class in U.S. Society
• The Marxian Definition of Social Class
• The Composite Definition of Social Class
• Contradictory Class Locations
• The Subjective Definition of Social Class
• Occupational Prestige
• Class Consciousness in the United States
• Poverty in the United States
• How Poverty Is Defined
• Poverty in America: The Current Situation
• Who Is Poor?
• Causes of Poverty
• Poor People Themselves? Work, Family Structure, and Poverty
• Unemployment
• Low Wages
• Government Policy
• Consequences of Poverty
• Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives on Stratification
• The Functionalist View: Davis and Moore
• The Conflict View
• Is Stratification Really Functional?
• Synthesis
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Chapter 7 Race and Ethnic Relations
• Racial and Ethnic Groups: What Is the Difference?
• Majority and Minority Groups
• Racism
• Ideological Racism
• Racial and Ethnic Prejudice
• Individual Discrimination
• Institutional Discrimination
• Theories About the Causes of Racial and Ethnic Inequality
• Social-Psychological Theories of Race Relations
• The Relationship Between Prejudice and Discrimination
• Social-Structural Theories of Race Relations
• Racial and Ethnic Relations: An International Perspective
• Ethnic Inequality and Conflict: How Universal?
• Racial Caste in South Africa and the United States
• Racial Assimilation in Latin America
• Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States
• Minority Groups: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans
• Economic Exploitation and the Origins of Intergroup Inequality
• Segregation and Attacks on Culture
• The Status of Minority Groups Today
• Intermediate Status Groups: Asian Americans, Jewish and Muslim Americans, and “White Ethnics”
• The Majority Group
• Current Issues in U.S. Race Relations
• The Significance of Race Versus Class
• PUTTING SOCIOLOGY TO WORK
• The Affirmative Action Debate
• Is Affirmative Action Reverse Discrimination?
• Is the System Fair Without Affirmative Action?
• How Effective Is Affirmative Action?
• The Legal and Political Status of Affirmative Action
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Chapter 8 Sex, Gender, and Society
• What Are Sex and Gender Roles?
• Sex and Gender Roles
• Sexism
• Traditional American Gender Roles
• Cultural Variation in Gender Roles
• Gender-Role Socialization: An Interactionist Analysis
• How Gender Roles Develop
• Teaching Gender Roles in the Home
• Teaching Gender Roles in the School
• Teaching Gender Roles on Television
• How Peers Teach Gender Roles
• How Gender Roles Are Learned
• The Looking-Glass Self and Gender-Role Socialization
• Modeling and Gender-Role Socialization
• Structured Sexual Inequality: Power
• Men, Women, and Positions of Authority
• Women in Politics
• Women in the Business World
• Men, Women, and Power in the Home
• “Doing” Gender: The Social Construction of Gender and Sex
• Structured Sexual Inequality: Income
• Some Possible Reasons for Women’s Low Wages
• PUTTING SOCIOLOGY TO WORK
• Understanding and Preventing Sexual Harassment
• Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives on Gender Roles
• The Origins of Gender Inequality
• The Functionalist Perspective
• The Conflict Perspective
• Feminism: A Challenge to Male Power
• Feminist Social Theory
• Ecofeminism
• How Are Gender Roles Changing in America?
• Sexual Double Standard
• Employment Discrimination
• Sexual Assault
• Limitations of Change
• Public Opinion and Future Prospects for Gender Equality
• Intersexuality, Sexual Orientation, and the Politics of Being “Different”
• Sexual Orientation
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Chapter 9 Groups, Organizations, and the Workplace
• Groups and Organizations: What Is the Difference?
• Group Characteristics and Dynamics
• Group Size
• Primary and Secondary Groups
• Conformity Within Groups
• Outside Threats and Group Cohesion
• Dysfunctional Group Processes
• Organizations
• Why Study Organizations?
• Characteristics of Organizations
• Social Networks and the Strength of Weak Ties
• Oligarchy Versus Democracy
• Michels’s Iron Law of Oligarchy
• Oligarchy: Iron Law or Just a Tendency?
• Leadership in Groups and Organizations
• Instrumental and Expressive Leadership
• Characteristics of Leaders
• Bureaucracy
• Why Do Bureaucracies Develop?
• Bureaucracy and Democracy
• Karl Marx on Bureaucracy
• The Pervasiveness of Bureaucracy
• Evaluating Bureaucracy
• Dysfunctions of Bureaucracy
• An Interactionist View of Bureaucracy
• Informal Structure
• Negotiated Order
• Globalization and New Trends in Work Organization
• Globalization and Work
• Japanese Work Organization
• Scandinavian Workplace Innovations
• Workplace Change in the United States
• Alternatives to Bureaucracy
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Chapter 10 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
• How Sociologists View Deviance
• The Sociology of Rule Making
• Social Control
• PUTTING SOCIOLOGY TO WORK
• Does Capital Punishment Deter Murder?
• Crime
• Street Crime
• Victimless Crime
• Legalization or Decriminalization of Drugs: Pros and Cons
• White-Collar and Corporate Crime
• Organized Crime
• Political Crime
• Characteristics of Criminals
• Crime Statistics: A Closer Look
• Race, Class, and Crime Statistics
• Explaining Deviant Behavior
• Kinds of People: Biological and Psychological Theories of Deviant Behavior
• Societal Explanations of Deviant Behavior
• Anomie and Deviant Behavior
• Subcultural Explanations of Deviance
• Labeling Tradition
• Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives on Deviance
• The Functionalist View: Durkheim
• The Dysfunctions of Deviance: Parsons
• The Conflict View
• Feminist Criminology
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Part IV Social Institutions
• Chapter 11 Economy and Society
• Economic Systems
• Sectors of the Economy
• Economic Change and Social Change
• Economic Development and Society
• Hunting-and-Gathering Economies
• Agricultural Economies
• Industrial Economies
• The Shift to Postindustrial Economies
• Effects on the Labor Force and Stratification
• The Rise of Professions
• The Role of Science and Education
• Postmodernism: A Challenge to Science and Technology
• Modern Economic Systems
• Capitalism
• Socialism
• Karl Marx and Communism
• Mixed Economies
• Social Consequences of Modern Economic Systems
• Does Capitalism Promote Greed?
• Socialism, Capitalism, the Market, and Productivity
• Is Socialism Dead?
• The Changing Scale of Modern Economies
• Concentration in Corporate Capitalism
• Consequences of Concentration
• Multinational Corporations
• Globalization and Its Consequences
• PUTTING SOCIOLOGY TO WORK
• Free Trade or Protectionism?
• Unemployment and the Economic Cycle
• Financial Systems
• Voice or Exit
• Financial Crises
• Derivatives: Financial Insurance or Weapons of Mass Destruction?
• Karl Polanyi and the New Economic Sociology
• The Sociological Study of the Economy
• Karl Polanyi Enters the Dance
• The Embedded Economy and the Impossibility of the Self-Regulating Market
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Chapter 12 Politics, Power, and Society
• Power in Modern Societies
• Legitimate Power and Authority
• Other Sources of Power
• Wealth, Income, and Power
• Who Has Power in America Today?
• Measuring Power
• The Distribution of Power in the United States
• Three Key Interest Group Coalitions
• Who Governs?
• Who Benefits?
• Who Wins?
• Overview
• The State
• Types of Systems
• PUTTING SOCIOLOGY TO WORK
• Welfare Reform: An Effective Tool Against Poverty?
• Welfare Around the World
• Liberal Welfare States: The United States, Canada, the United Kingdom
• Corporatist-Statist Welfare States
• Social Democratic Welfare States
• Evaluating the Welfare States
• Political Ideology
• Political Parties and Special Interest Groups
• Lobbyists and Special Interest Groups
• Voting Patterns of the Major Social Groups
• The Apathetic Voter
• The Politics of Development in the Third World
• Perspectives on Uneven Development in the Third World
• Modernization Theories
• Dependency Theories
• World-System Theory
• Terrorism: A Challenge to Government
• Governments and Terrorism
• Terrorism in the Modern World
• Who Is Vulnerable to Insurgent Terrorism?
• Theories About the Causes of Terrorism
• Can Terrorism Be Combated?
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Chapter 13 Marriages and Families
• Family and Marriage Defined
• Extended and Nuclear Families
• Family Memberships
• Marriage Patterns
• Mate Selection
• Romantic Love and Mate Selection
• Patterns Within Marriages
• Power and Authority in Marriages
• Residency Patterns
• Inheritance and Descent Patterns
• Functions of Families
• Changing Functions
• The Family as a Regulator of Sexual Behavior
• A Conflict Analysis of the Family
• Role Inequality Within the Family
• Violence in the Family and in Courtship
• The Family in the Larger Social Structure
• Changing Patterns of Marriages and Families
• Changing Roles Within Marriages
• Delayed Marriage and Permanent Singlehood
• Cohabitation
• Gay and Lesbian Couples
• Fewer Children, No Children
• Marital Disruption and Divorce
• Divorce in the United States
• Causes of Divorce
• Changing Divorce Laws
• PUTTING SOCIOLOGY TO WORK
• Should Couples Stay Together “for the Sake of the Kids”?
• Remarriage
• Single-Parent Families
• Race, Poverty, and the One-Parent Family
• The Future of Marriages and Families
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Part V Social Change
• Chapter 14 Urban Society: City Life and Collective Behavior
• The Rise of Cities Throughout the World
• Technology, Industrialization, and Urbanization
• Social Change and Urbanization
• The Demographic Transition and Urbanization
• Urbanization in the United States
• Economics of Urban Growth
• Functional Specialization
• Urban Hierarchy
• Urbanization in the Third World
• Urban Life
• Differences Between Rural and Urban Life
• Wirth on Urban Life
• Decline of Community: Myth or Reality?
• Urban Life and “Getting Involved”
• Cities and Social Conflict
• Collective Behavior
• Causes of Collective Behavior
• Types of Collective Behavior
• Collective Behavior in Crowds
• Types of Crowd Behavior
• Mass Behavior
• Types of Mass Behavior
• Fashions and Fads
• The Structure of the City
• Human Ecology
• Urban Social Segregation
• The Changing City in Postindustrial America
• The Rise of the Suburbs
• Causes of Suburbanization
• Life in the Suburbs
• The Crisis of the Central Cities
• Population Decline
• The Urban Underclass
• The Urban Fiscal Crisis
• Uneven Development Among American Cities
• Different Processes or Different Stages?
• The Conflict Theory of Uneven Development
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Chapter 15 Social Movements and Change
• Social Movements
• Types of Social Movements
• The Causes of Social Movements
• Necessary Conditions for Social Movements
• Social Change
• What Is Social Change?
• Theories of Social Change
• Equilibrium (Functionalist) Versus Conflict Theories of Social Change
• Evolutionary Versus Cyclical Changes
• Modernization: Escalating Social Change
• Consequences of Rapid Social Change
• New Directions in the Study of Social Change
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Exercises
• Glossary
• Index