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• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface: The Aims of This Edition
• Our Debts
• Dedication
• I  Research, Researchers, and Readers
• Prologue: Becoming a Researcher
• 1  Thinking in Print: The Uses of Research, Public and Private
• 1.1  What Is Research?
• 1.2  Why Write It Up?
• 1.3  Why a Formal Paper?
• 1.4  Writing Is Thinking
• 2  Connecting with Your Reader: Creating a Role for Yourself and Your Readers
• 2.1  Conversing with Your Readers
• 2.2  Understanding Your Role
• 2.3  Imagining Your Readers’ Role
• ★  Quick Tip: A Checklist for Understanding Your Readers
• II  Asking Questions, Finding Answers
• Prologue: Planning Your Project—An Overview
• ★  Quick Tip: Creating a Writing Group
• 3  From Topics to Questions
• 3.1  From an Interest to a Topic
• 3.2  From a Broad Topic to a Focused One
• 3.3  From a Focused Topic to Questions
• 3.4  The Most Significant Question: So What?
• ★  Quick Tip: Finding Topics
• 4  From Questions to a Problem
• 4.1  Understanding Research Problems
• 4.2  Understanding the Common Structure of Problems
• 4.3  Finding a Good Research Problem
• 4.4  Learning to Work with Problems
• ★  Quick Tip: Manage the Unavoidable Problem of Inexperience
• 5  From Problems to Sources
• 5.1  Three Kinds of Sources and Their Uses
• 5.2  Navigating the Twenty-First-Century Library
• 5.3  Locating Sources on the Internet
• 5.4  Evaluating Sources for Relevance and Reliability
• 5.5  Looking Beyond Predictable Sources
• 5.6  Using People to Further Your Research
• ★  Quick Tip: The Ethics of Using People as Sources of Data
• 6  Engaging Sources
• 6.1  Recording Complete Bibliographical Information
• 6.2  Engaging Sources Actively
• 6.3  Reading for a Problem
• 6.4  Reading for Arguments
• 6.5  Reading for Data and Support
• 6.6  Taking Notes
• 6.7  Annotating Your Sources
• ★  Quick Tip: Manage Moments of Normal Anxiety
• III  Making an Argument
• Prologue: Assembling a Research Argument
• 7  Making Good Arguments: An Overview
• 7.1  Argument as a Conversation with Readers
• 7.2  Supporting Your Claim
• 7.3  Acknowledging and Responding to Anticipated Questions and Objections
• 7.4  Connecting Claims and Reasons with Warrants
• 7.5  Building a Complex Argument Out of Simple Ones
• 7.6  Creating an Ethos by Thickening Your Argument
• ★  Quick Tip: A Common Mistake—Falling Back on What You Know
• 8  Making Claims
• 8.1  Determining the Kind of Claim You Should Make
• 8.2  Evaluating Your Claim
• 8.3  Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility
• 9  Assembling Reasons and Evidence
• 9.1  Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument
• 9.2  Distinguishing Evidence from Reasons
• 9.3  Distinguishing Evidence from Reports of It
• 9.4  Evaluating Your Evidence
• 10  Acknowledgments and Responses
• 10.1  Questioning Your Argument as Your Readers Will
• 10.2  Imagining Alternatives to Your Argument
• 10.3  Deciding What to Acknowledge
• 10.4  Framing Your Responses as Subordinate Arguments
• 10.5  The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response
• ★  Quick Tip: Three Predictable Disagreements
• 11  Warrants
• 11.1  Warrants in Everyday Reasoning
• 11.2  Warrants in Academic Arguments
• 11.3  Understanding the Logic of Warrants
• 11.4  Testing Warrants
• 11.5  Knowing When to State a Warrant
• 11.6  Using Warrants to Test Your Argument
• 11.7  Challenging Others’ Warrants
• ★  Quick Tip: Reasons, Evidence, and Warrants
• IV  Writing Your Argument
• Prologue: Planning Again
• 12  Planning and Drafting
• 12.1  Planning Your Paper
• 12.2  Avoiding Three Common but Flawed Plans
• 12.3  Turning Your Plan into a Draft
• ★  Quick Tip: Work Through Procrastination and Writer’s Block
• 13  Organizing Your Argument
• 13.1  Thinking Like a Reader
• 13.2  Revising Your Frame
• 13.3  Revising Your Argument
• 13.4  Revising the Organization of Your Paper
• 13.5  Checking Your Paragraphs
• 13.6  Letting Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrasing It
• ★  Quick Tip: Abstracts
• 14  Incorporating Sources
• 14.1  Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing Appropriately
• 14.2  Integrating Direct Quotations into Your Text
• 14.3  Showing Readers How Evidence Is Relevant
• 14.4  The Social Importance of Citing Sources
• 14.5  Four Common Citation Styles
• 14.6  Guarding Against Inadvertent Plagiarism
• ★  Quick Tip: Indicating Citations in Your Paper
• 15  Communicating Evidence Visually
• 15.1  Choosing Visual or Verbal Representations
• 15.2  Choosing the Most Effective Graphic
• 15.3  Designing Tables, Charts, and Graphs
• 15.4  Specific Guidelines for Tables, Bar Charts, and Line Graphs
• 15.5  Communicating Data Ethically
• 16  Introductions and Conclusions
• 16.1  The Common Structure of Introductions
• 16.2  Step 1: Establishing a Context
• 16.3  Step 2: Stating Your Problem
• 16.4  Step 3: Stating Your Response
• 16.5  Setting the Right Pace
• 16.6  Organizing the Whole Introduction
• 16.7  Finding Your First Few Words
• 16.8  Writing Your Conclusion
• ★  Quick Tip: Titles
• 17  Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly
• 17.1  Judging Style
• 17.2  The First Two Principles of Clear Writing
• 17.3  A Third Principle: Old Before New
• 17.4  Choosing between the Active and Passive Voice
• 17.5  A Final Principle: Complexity Last
• 17.6  Spit and Polish
• ★  Quick Tip: The Quickest Revision Strategy
• V  Some Last Considerations
• The Ethics of Research
• A Postscript for Teachers
• Appendix: Bibliographical Resources
• Index