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• Cover
• List of Illustrations
• Preface
• The Development of Christian Theology: A Short Historical Overview
• The Apostles’ Creed
• Getting Started
• 1 Faith
• What is faith?
• Can God’s existence be proved?
• Are proofs of God’s existence of any use?
• Faith is beyond reason but not contrary to reason
• Faith and God’s promises
• Faith and doubt: the problem of suffering
• Engaging with a text
• 2 God
• Analogies in theology
• God as father
• A personal God
• God as almighty
• Can God suffer?
• Engaging with a text
• 3 Creation
• Creation in the Old Testament
• The concept of creation “out of nothing”
• Creation and dualism
• Implications of the doctrine of creation
• Models of God as creator
• Humanity and creation: the “image of God”
• Creation and natural theology
• Creation and creationism
• Engaging with a text
• 4 Jesus
• Jesus as Messiah
• Jesus as Lord
• Jesus as Son of God
• Jesus as Son of Man
• Jesus as God
• Functional statements about Jesus
• Early Christological models
• The Council of Chalcedon
• The incarnation and icons
• Jesus as mediator
• The debate about the “Historical Jesus”
• Engaging with a text
• 5 Salvation
• Pauline images of salvation
• The problem of analogy: salvation as ransom
• The cross as a sacrifice
• The cross as a victory
• The cross and forgiveness
• Salvation, sin, and Christ
• An Orthodox perspective: salvation as deification
• Salvation as being righteous in the sight of God
• Salvation, Christ, and the redeemed life
• Engaging with a text
• 6 Spirit
• Biblical models of the Holy Spirit
• Irenaeus on the role of the Holy Spirit
• The debate over the divinity of the Holy Spirit
• The filioque debate
• The functions of the Spirit
• The symbols of the Spirit: a dove, fire, and oil
• Engaging with a text
• 7 Trinity
• The grounds of the doctrine of the Trinity
• The development of the doctrine of the Trinity
• A trinitarian heresy: modalism
• Visualizing the Trinity
• The Trinity and the naming of God
• Communicating the Trinity: hymns
• The “social Trinity”: Jürgen Moltmann
• Engaging with a text
• 8 Church
• The church: local or universal?
• Only one church?
• The catholicity of the church
• The church: holy or just human?
• The church as constituted by the Word of God
• Pure or mixed body: what difference does it make?
• Ministry within the church: the Second Vatican Council
• Engaging with a text
• 9 Sacraments
• What is a sacrament?
• What is the function of the sacrament?
• What factors affect the effectiveness of sacraments?
• Is infant baptism justified?
• In what way, if any, is Christ present at the eucharist?
• Engaging with a text
• 10 Heaven
• The New Testament
• Augustine: the two cities
• Medieval debates about the resurrection body
• Modernity: criticism and recovery of eschatology
• Jürgen Moltmann: the theology of hope
• Spe Salvi: Benedict XVI on the Christian hope
• The last things
• Engaging with a text
• Moving On
• Audio and Video Resources for This Textbook
• Brief Glossary of Theological Terms
• Details of Theologians Cited
• Sources of Citations
• Index
• EULA