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• About this Book
• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• About the Authors
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1: Foundations
• “I’m Having a Stroke!”
• World, Brain, and Mind
• The Perceptual Process
• Three Main Types of Questions
• How Many Senses Are There?
• Evolution and Perception
• Exploring Perception by Studying Behavior: Psychophysics
• Absolute Threshold
• Difference Threshold
• Psychophysical Scaling
• Exploring Perception by Studying Neurons and the Brain
• Neurons and Neural Signals
• The Human Brain
• Cognitive Neuropsychology
• Functional Neuroimaging
• Applications: Self-Driving Cars
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 2: Light and the Eyes
• A Rare Case: Vision Without Cones
• Light
• Light as a Wave
• Light as a Stream of Particles
• The Optic Array
• The Human Eye
• Field of View
• Acuity and Eye Movements
• Structure and Function of the Eye
• Photoreceptors: Rods and Cones
• Transduction of Light
• Number and Distribution of Rods and Cones in the Retina
• Adapting to Changes in Lighting
• Retinal Ganglion Cells: Circuits in the Retina Send Information to the Brain
• Convergence in Retinal Circuits
• Receptive Fields
• Edge Enhancement: An Example of How It All Works Together
• Disorders of the Eye
• Strabismus and Amblyopia
• Disorders of Accommodation: Myopia, Hyperopia, Presbyopia, and Astigmatism
• Cataracts
• High Intraocular Pressure: Glaucoma
• Floaters and Phosphenes
• Retinal Disease: Macular Degeneration and Retinitis Pigmentosa
• Applications Night-Vision Devices
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 3: The Visual Brain
• No Thing to See
• From Eye to Brain
• Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
• Superior Colliculus
• Primary Visual Cortex (Area V1)
• Response Properties of V1 Neurons
• Organization of V1
• Functional Areas, Pathways, and Modules
• Functional Areas and Pathways
• Functional Modules
• Applications: Brain Implants for the Blind
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 4: Recognizing Visual Objects
• Face-Blind
• A Few Basic Considerations
• Object Familiarity
• Image Clutter, Object Variety, and Variable Views
• Representation and Recognition
• Overview: The Fundamental Steps
• Perceptual Organization
• Representing Edges and Regions
• Figure–Ground Organization: Assigning Border Ownership
• Perceptual Grouping: Combining Regions
• Perceptual Interpolation: Perceiving What Can’t Be Seen Directly
• Perceptual Organization Reflects Natural Constraints
• Object Recognition
• Hierarchical Processes: Shape Representation in V4 and Beyond
• Modular and Distributed Representations: Faces, Places, and Other Categories of Objects
• Top-Down Information
• The Gist of a Scene
• Unconscious Inference and the Bayesian Approach
• Applications: Automatic Face Recognition
• Feature-Based Approach
• Holistic Approach
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 5: Perceiving Color
• Colorless
• Light and Color
• Spectral Power Distribution
• Spectral Reflectance
• Dimensions of Color: Hue, Saturation, and Brightness
• Color Circle and Color Solid
• Color Mixtures
• Color and the Visual System
• Trichromatic Color Representation
• Opponent Color Representation
• Color Contrast and Color Assimilation
• Color Constancy
• Lightness Constancy
• Color Vision Deficiencies
• Inherited Deficiencies of Color Vision
• Cortical Achromatopsia: Color Blindness from Brain Damage
• Applications: Color in Art and Technology
• Pointillist Painting
• Digital Color Video Displays
• Digital Color Printing
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 6: Perceiving Depth
• Learning to See in 3-D
• Oculomotor Depth Cues
• Accommodation
• Convergence
• Monocular Depth Cues
• Static Cues: Position, Size, and Lighting in the Retinal Image
• Dynamic Cues: Movement in the Retinal Image
• Binocular Depth Cue: Disparity in the Retinal Images
• Binocular Disparity
• Correspondence Problem
• Neural Basis of Stereopsis
• Integrating Depth Cues
• Depth and Perceptual Constancy
• Size Constancy and Size–Distance Invariance
• Shape Constancy and Shape–Slant Invariance
• Illusions of Depth, Size, and Shape
• Forced Perspective
• Ponzo Illusion
• Ames Room
• Moon Illusion
• Tabletop Illusion
• Applications: 3-D Motion Pictures and Television
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 7: Perceiving Motion
• Still Life
• Perceptual Organization from Motion
• Perceptual Grouping Based on Real and Apparent Motion
• Figure–Ground Organization
• Sensitivity to Biological Motion
• Eye Movements and the Perception of Motion and Stability
• Neural Basis of Motion Perception in Area V1 and Area MT
• A Simple Neural Circuit That Responds to Motion
• The Motion Aftereffect
• Area MT
• The Aperture Problem: Perceiving the Motion of Objects
• Applications: Visually Induced Motion Sickness
• The How and Why of Motion Sickness
• Could Artificial Environments Be Made Less Sickening?
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 8: Perception for Action
• Inaction
• Vision Affects Action
• Time to Process Visual Feedback
• Optic Flow
• Prism Adaptation
• Action Affects Vision
• Action Plans
• Action Capabilities
• Neural Basis of Perception for Action
• The Role of the Parietal Lobe in Eye Movements, Reaching, and Grasping
• Bimodal Neurons and Hand-Centered Receptive Fields
• Handheld Tool Use
• Mirror Neurons
• Applications: Perception for Action in Baseball: Catching a Fly Ball and Hitting a Fastball
• How to Catch a Fly Ball
• How to Hit a Fastball
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 9: Attention and Awareness
• Out of Mind, Out of Sight
• Selective Attention and the Limits of Awareness
• Dichotic Listening
• Inattentional Blindness
• Attentional Blink
• Change Blindness
• Attention to Locations, Features, and Objects
• Attention to Locations
• Attention to Features
• Attention to Objects
• Why Attention Is Selective
• The Binding Problem
• Competition for Neural Representation
• Attentional Control
• Top-Down and Bottom-Up Attentional Control
• Value-Driven Attentional Control
• Sources of Attentional Control in the Brain
• Awareness and the Neural Correlates of Consciousness
• Seeking the NCCs in Perceptual Bistability
• What Blindsight Reveals About Awareness
• Applications: Multitasking
• Task Switching
• Driving While Talking on a Cell Phone
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 10: Sound and the Ears
• Dizzy
• Sound
• Sources of Sound
• Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound
• The Ear
• Pinna, Auditory Canal, and Tympanic Membrane
• Ossicles and Sound Amplification
• Eustachian Tube
• Cochlea
• Neural Representation of Frequency and Amplitude
• Frequency Representation
• Amplitude Representation
• Disorders of Audition
• Hearing Tests and Audiograms
• Conductive Hearing Impairments
• Sensorineural Hearing Impairments
• Tinnitus
• Applications: Cochlear Implants
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 11: The Auditory Brain and Perceiving Auditory Scenes
• Hearing Without Recognition
• The Auditory Brain
• Ascending Pathways: From the Ear to the Brain
• Descending Pathways: From the Brain to the Ear
• Auditory Cortex
• “What” and “Where” Pathways and Other Specialized Regions of the Auditory Brain
• Localizing Sounds
• Perceiving Azimuth
• Perceiving Elevation
• Perceiving Distance
• Echolocation by Bats and Humans
• Echoes and the Precedence Effect
• Looking While Listening: Vision and Sound Localization
• Neural Basis of Sound Localization
• Auditory Scene Analysis
• Simultaneous Grouping
• Sequential Grouping
• Perceptual Completion of Occluded Sounds
• Applications: Seeing by Hearing
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 12: Perceiving Speech and Music
• “Singing Sounds Like Shouting to Me”
• Speech
• The Sounds of Speech: Phonemes
• Producing the Sounds of Speech
• Perceiving the Sounds of Speech
• Brain Pathways for Speech Perception and Production
• Music
• Dimensions of Music: Pitch, Loudness, Timing, and Timbre
• Melody
• Scales and Keys; Consonance and Dissonance
• Knowledge and Music Perception
• Neural Basis of Music Perception
• Applications: Speech Perception by Machines
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 13: The Body Senses
• Watch Yourself!
• Tactile Perception: Perceiving Mechanical Stimulation of the Skin
• Slow-Adapting Type I (SAI) Mechanoreceptors: Perceiving Pattern, Texture, and Shape
• Fast-Adapting Type I (FAI) Mechanoreceptors: Perceiving Slip and Maintaining Grip Control
• Slow-Adapting Type II (SAII) Mechanoreceptors: Perceiving Skin Stretch and Hand Conformation
• Fast-Adapting Type II (FAII) Mechanoreceptors: Perceiving Fine Textures Through Transmitted Vibration
• Perceiving Pleasant Touch
• Mechanoreceptor Transduction
• Proprioception: Perceiving Position and Movement of the Limbs
• Perceiving Pain
• Thermoreception: Perceiving Temperature
• Between Body and Brain
• Somatotopic Cortical Maps
• Responses and Representations in the Somatosensory Cortex and Beyond
• Top-Down Mechanisms of Pain Reduction
• Cortical Plasticity, Phantom Limbs, and Rubber Hands
• Haptic Perception: Recognizing Objects by Touch
• The Vestibular System: Perceiving Balance and Acceleration
• Applications: Haptic Feedback in Robot-Assisted Surgery
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 14: Olfaction: Perceiving Odors
• When the Nose Knows Nothing
• What Is an Odor?
• Odorants
• Detection and Identification of Odors
• Detection Thresholds and Difference Thresholds
• Identifying and Discriminating Odors
• The Role of Odors in Sensing Flavor
• Olfactory Impairments: Age and Other Factors
• Adaptation to Odors
• Anatomical and Neural Basis of Odor Perception
• The Olfactory System: From Nose to Brain
• Neural Code for Odor
• Representing Odors in the Brain
• Odors, Emotion, and Memory
• Effects of Odors on Social and Reproductive Behavior
• Pheromones, Sweat, and Tears
• Human Leukocyte Antigen Detection
• Applications: The eNose
• How eNoses Work
• eNoses on Wheels
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Chapter 15: Gustation: Perceiving Tastes and Flavors
• Poor Taste
• What Is Taste? What Is Flavor?
• Tastants and the Basic Tastes
• The Perception of Flavor
• Anatomical and Neural Basis of Taste and Flavor Perception
• Taste Buds and Taste Receptor Cells
• From Taste Buds to the Brain
• Representing Taste and Flavor in the Brain
• Adaptation and Cross-Adaptation
• Cognitive Influences in the OFC, and the Flavor of Expensive Wine
• Regulating Food Intake
• Sensory-Specific Satiety
• Regulating Food Intake in the Absence of Taste
• Individual Differences in Taste and Flavor Perception
• Applications: How Sweet It Is? The Taste and Use of Artificial Sweeteners
• Brain Responses to Artificial Sweeteners
• Behavioral Responses to Artificial Sweeteners
• Artificial Sweeteners and Weight Loss
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Appendix: Noise and Signal Detection Theory
• Noise in Neural Activity and the Psychometric Function
• Signal Detection Theory
• A Signal Detection Experiment
• Sensitivity and Bias
• Applications: Optimal Decision Making in the Real World
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Expand Your Understanding
• Read More About It
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
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• Subject Index
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