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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents in Brief
• Table of Contents
• List of Photos
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Boxes
• Preface for Students and Teachers
• About the Author
• Part I Introduction to Sociology
• 1 What do Sociologists Do?
• The Scientific Method and Sociological Investigation
• The Role of Theory
• Theories and Beliefs
• Sociological Theories at Different Levels of Analysis
• Methods
• Conclusions and Generalization
• Positivism
• Pitfalls of Studying Ourselves
• The Postmodern Critique
• A Response to the Postmodernist Critique
• The Need for Comparative Research
• Reactivity
• Values and the Effects of Social Research
• Ethics and Social Research
• The Sociological Perspective
• Why Study Sociology?
• Organization of the Book
• References
• Part II Fundamentals of Sociology
• 2 Biology: One Human Nature
• Evolution of the Human Species
• Evolved Predispositions
• The Sociobiology Controversy
• Self-interested Behavior
• Reciprocal Altruism
• Kin-Based Altruism
• Gender Asymmetry in Parenting
• Implications of Gender Asymmetry: Sex Differences in Mate Choice and Family Roles
• Individual Differences
• Hormones and Behavior
• The Importance of the Situation
• Other Evolved Predispositions
• Religion and Magic
• Dislike of Out-Groups and Ethnocentrism
• Male Sexual Jealousy
• Violent Aggression in Males
• Deference Behavior
• Free Will and the Naturalistic Fallacy
• Cultures Can Exacerbate or Suppress the Effects of Evolved Predispositions
• Conclusion
• References
• 3 Culture: Socialization, Norms, And Roles
• Biological Bases of Cultural Learning
• Language Acquisition
• Social Interaction and the Development of the Self
• Development of the Self
• Roles
• Goffman: Performing Social Roles
• Mirror Neurons and Empathy
• Socialization
• Conclusion
• References
• 4 Culture and Subsistence Technology
• The Importance of Subsistence Technology
• Hunting and Gathering Societies
• Horticultural Societies
• Agrarian Societies
• Ascribed versus Achieved Statuses
• Industrial and Postindustrial Societies
• Norms and Technology
• Culture
• Culture Shock
• Why Do Cultures Differ, Even among Societies That Are Technologically Similar?
• Conclusion
• References
• 5 Social Groups and Networks: Kin Groups, Classes, Organizations, Status Groups, Political Groups, and Social Networks
• Families, Clans, and Tribes
• Classes and Companies
• Classes
• Companies
• Rise of Bureaucracy
• Status
• Party
• Social Networks
• Small World Syndrome
• Efficacy of Weak Ties and Structural Holes
• Density and Longevity
• Why Your Friends Are More Popular than You
• Social Groups and Networks
• Conclusion
• References
• 6 Institutions
• Institutions as Systems of Rules and Associated Behavior Patterns
• Institutions and Norms
• Greef: The Five Basic Institutions
• Hunters and Gatherers: !Kung of the Kalahari
• Horticulturalists: Dani of Western New Guinea
• Agrarian Society: Japan during the Edo Period
• Industrial Society: Contemporary United States
• Effects of Institutions
• Where Do Institutions Come from?
• History
• Power
• Conclusion
• References
• 7 Demography
• Population Trends in History
• Improvements in Public Health
• Better Nutrition
• Advances in Health-Related Knowledge
• Fertility Decline
• The Demographic Transition
• Contemporary Demography
• The Rich and Poor World Divide
• Population Pyramids
• Implications of Demography for Society
• Age Structure
• Urbanization and Population Density
• Age and Sex Structure in Smaller Groups
• How Many People Can the World Bear?
• Immigration
• Demography and the Democratic Process
• Conclusion
• References
• Part III Topics in Sociology
• 8 Microsociology
• Social Effects on Individuals
• Milgram’s Obedience Studies
• Asch’s Conformity Studies
• Studies of Helping Behavior
• Conclusion
• How Individuals in Groups Create Social Effects
• Symbolic Interactionism
• Exchange Processes
• The Power-Dependence Principle
• The Prisoner’s Dilemma
• Solutions to the Prisoner’s Dilemma
• Trust and Reputation
• Status Processes
• Conclusion
• References
• 9 Sociology of the Family
• Preindustrial Marriage Patterns
• Bridewealth versus Dowry
• Rules of Descent and Marital Residence
• Control of Women’s Sexuality
• Infibulation and Clitoridectomy
• Menstrual Taboos
• Sex and the Double Standard
• Families and Children
• Modernization and Change in Marriage Patterns
• The Divorce Revolution
• Modern Love
• Contemporary Marriage
• Same Sex Couples, Marriages, and Civil Unions
• The Contemporary Family in the United States
• Nonbiological Families
• Late-Life Families and Fertility
• Violence in the Family
• Child Abuse
• Conclusion
• References
• 10 Social Stratification
• Stratification in Preindustrial Societies
• The Caste System of India
• Stratification in an Advanced Industrial Society: The United States
• Income Inequality
• What Is the Median Income?
• How Many People Live in Poverty?
• Wealth Inequality
• Status Inequality in the United States
• Social Mobility
• Income and Wealth Inequality in Comparative Perspective
• Conclusion
• References
• 11 Global Inequality
• The Nature of Global Inequality
• Rural Poverty
• Is Global Inequality Getting Better or Worse?
• Theories of Global Inequality
• Modernization Theory
• Dependency Theory
• Conclusion
• References
• 12 Contemporary Gender Inequality
• Comparative Gender Inequality
• What Causes Improvements in Women’s Position in Society?
• Gender Inequality in the United States
• Why the Gender Difference in Income?
• Do Evolved Sex Differences Influence Work Behavior?
• Workplace Harassment
• Leadership Style
• Language Use
• Deference Behaviors
• How Does the United States Compare to Other Developed Societies?
• Conclusion
• References
• 13 Race and Ethnicity
• The African Diaspora and the Emergence of Human Phenotypes
• Race
• Ethnicity
• Contemporary Race and Ethnic Relations throughout the World
• Racial and Ethnic Conflict
• Economic Divergence
• The Role of Immigration
• Race and Ethnic Relations in the United States
• Native Americans
• Early Contacts
• Indian Removal and the Trail of Tears (1838)
• Slavery and Race in North America
• History of Immigration and Immigration Law in the United States
• Japanese American Internment during World War II
• The 1965 Amendments
• Status of Race and Ethnic Groups in the United States Today
• Prejudice and Discrimination
• Us and Them
• Why Prejudice?
• Why Discrimination?
• Unconscious Bias
• Conclusion
• References
• 14 Sociology of Religion
• Religious Universals
• Churches, Sects, and Cults
• Religion in the World Today
• Why Is the United States So Religious in Comparison to Other Developed Societies?
• Sex Differences
• Why Do People Join a Religion?
• Religious Capital
• Social Networks
• Effects of Religion
• The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
• Does Religion Make You Happier?
• Does Religion Make You Healthier?
• Religion and Violence
• Conclusion
• References
• 15 Crime and Violence
• Crime and Violence across Human Societies
• Which Societies Have the Most Crime?
• Who Is Most Likely to Commit Crime?
• The Young Male Syndrome
• What Keeps Young Men on the Straight and Narrow?
• Contemporary Patterns of Crime in the United States
• Why Has Crime Decreased Recently?
• How Does the United States Compare to Other Countries?
• Why Do People Commit Crime?
• Where You Live: Social Disorganization
• Who You Hang Out With
• What Do You Have to Lose?
• Conclusion
• References
• 16 Biosociology of Health
• Effects of Both Genes and Environment on Health
• Diseases in Different Areas of the World
• Differences across Developed Countries
• Sex Differences in Death and Disease
• Race and Ethnic Differences in Death and Disease
• Sex Differences in Mental Health
• Social Status Influences Health
• Physical Health
• Mental Health
• Health Influences Social Status
• Height and Social Status
• Lack of Deformity, Disability, and Status
• Beauty and Status
• Conclusion
• References
• 17 Economic Sociology
• Economies from Simple to Complex
• The Salt and Spice Trades
• The Emergence of Complex Economies
• Institutional Creation of the Market
• The Soviet Experiment
• Contemporary Economies
• Differences between the United States and Europe
• Development of a Global Economy
• Organizations and Work
• In Which Organizations Are Coworkers Most Supportive?
• Organizational Ecology
• Women in Organizations
• Conclusion
• References
• 18 Sociology of the Environment
• Current Environmental Concerns
• Climate Change
• Which Places Produce the Most CO2?
• Water Shortages
• Deforestation and Decline in Biodiversity
• The Tragedy of the Commons
• Possible Solutions to Climate Change
• What about Carbon Trading as a Solution to Climate Change Problems?
• Environmental Organizations as Public Goods
• Conclusion
• References
• 19 Political Sociology and Social Movements
• Politics in Preindustrial Societies
• Moore’s Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
• Democracy in the World Today
• Theories of the Contemporary State
• Social Movements
• Civil Rights Movement
• Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe
• Islam and the Iranian Revolution
• Fundamentalist Muslim Organizations as Sponsors of Terrorism
• Why Do Social Movements Occur?
• Recent Social Movements
• When Do Social Movements Succeed?
• Conclusion
• References
• Name-Index
• Subject Index