Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Preface
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Contents
• List of Abbreviations
• Table of Cases
• Introduction
• Article 1 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Autonomous Application of the CISG (Arts 1(1)(a), (2) and (3) CISG)
• A. Contracting States
• B. Place of Business in Different States
• C. Contracts for the Sale of Goods
• III. Applicability of the CISG in Private International Law (Article 1(1)(b) CISG)
• A. Operation
• B. The Reservation in Article 95 CISG
• IV. Applicability of the CISG through the Parties’ Choice of Law
• V. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• A. UNIDROIT Principles
• B. Principles of European Contract Law (PECL)
• Article 2 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 2(a) CISG
• A. Purpose of Excluding Consumer Contracts
• B. Exception to the General Rule in Article 2(a) CISG
• C. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• III. Article 2(b) to (f) CISG
• Article 3 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. The Definition of ‘Goods’
• III. Goods to be Manufactured or Produced (Article 3(1) CISG)
• IV. Supply of Labour or Other Services (Article 3(2) CISG)
• Article 4 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Matters of Validity (Article 4(a) CISG)
• A. Operation of Article 4(a) CISG
• B. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• III. Matters of Property (Article 4(b) CISG)
• Article 5 CISG
• Article 6 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Opting-out of the CISG
• III. Derogation from or Modification of the CISG
• IV. Opting-in to the CISG
• V. Comparison with the PICC 2016
• Article 7 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 7(1) CISG
• A. International Character and Uniform Application
• (a) Autonomous Interpretation
• (b) Persuasive Precedents
• (c) The CISG Advisory Council and the UNCITRAL Digest
• (d) Towards a Uniform Interpretative Approach
• B. The Principle of Good Faith
• (a) ‘Good Faith’ under the CISG
• (b) ‘Good Faith’ in Other Legal Systems
• III. Article 7(2) CISG
• A. Primacy of ‘General Principles’ when Filling Gaps under the CISG
• B. Important General Principles
• Article 8 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 8(1) CISG
• III. Article 8(2) and (3) CISG
• IV. Interpretation of One Party’s General Conditions
• V. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• VI. Applicability of Other Rules of Interpretation and Evidence
• A. Introduction
• B. Plain Meaning Rule
• (a) Operation of the Plain Meaning Rule
• (b) Comparison with PICC 2016
• C. Parol Evidence Rule
• D. Merger Clauses
• (a) Under the CISG
• (b) Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 9 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 9(1) CISG
• A. Usages to which the Parties have Agreed
• B. Practices Established between the Parties
• III. Article 9(2) CISG
• A. International Usages Regularly Observed in the Trade Concerned
• B. Particular Aspects
• (a) Letter of Confirmation
• (i) Under the CISG
• (ii) Under the PICC 2016
• (b) Trade Terms and Other Sets of Rules
• IV. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 10 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 10(a) CISG
• III. Article 10(b) CISG
• Article 11 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Principle of Freedom from Form Requirements
• III. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 12 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Operation of Article 12 CISG
• Article 13 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Modern Interpretation of Article 13 CISG
• III. Impact on Article 12 CISG
• IV. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 14 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 14 CISG
• B. Drafting History
• II. Article 14(1) CISG
• A. Definite Proposal
• B. Intention to be Bound
• C. Relationship between Article 14(1) and Article 55 CISG
• III. Article 14(2) CISG
• IV. Incorporation of Standard Terms
• Article 15 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 15 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• C. Drafting History
• II. Operation of Article 15 CISG
• Article 16 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 16 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• (a) Anglo-American Law
• (b) Civil Legal Systems
• C. Drafting History
• II. Article 16(1) CISG
• III. Article 16(2)(a) CISG
• IV. Article 16(2)(b) CISG and Promissory Estoppel
• Article 17 CISG
• Article 18 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 18 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• II. Article 18(1) CISG: Acceptance by Conduct/Silence
• A. Acceptance by Conduct
• B. Silence or Inactivity as Acceptance
• III. Article 18(2) CISG
• IV. Article 18(3) CISG
• Article 19 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 19 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• C. Drafting History
• II. Article 19(1) CISG
• III. Article 19(2) CISG
• IV. Article 19(3) CISG
• V. Battle of the Forms
• Article 20 CISG
• Article 21 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 21 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• II. Article 21(1) CISG
• III. Article 21(2) CISG
• Article 22 CISG
• Article 23 CISG
• Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 23 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• Article 24 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 24 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• C. Drafting History
• II. Article 24 CISG in the Age of Electronic Communication
• Article 25 CISG
• Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 25 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• C. Drafting History
• Article 26 CISG
• Overview
• Article 27 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 27 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• C. International Principles
• II. Article 27 CISG and Instantaneous Communication
• Article 28 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 28 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• (a) Continental European Legal Systems
• (b) Common Law Legal Systems
• C. Drafting History
• D. International Principles
• II. Situations of Applicability of Article 28 CISG
• Article 29 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 29 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• C. Drafting History
• II. Article 29(1) CISG
• III. Article 29(2) CISG
• Article 30 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. The Seller’s Obligations in Detail
• A. ‘Delivery’ of the Goods
• B. ‘Handing over’ Documents
• C. ‘Transfer of Property’ in the Goods
• Article 31 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 31 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• (a) Carriage of the Goods
• (b) Delivery by Placing Goods at Buyer’s Disposal
• II. Article 31(a) CISG
• III. Article 31(b) and (c) CISG
• IV. INCOTERMS® and Article 31 CISG
• V. Place of Performance as Place of Jurisdiction
• Article 32 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 32(1) CISG
• III. Article 32(2) CISG
• Article 33 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 33(a) CISG
• III. Article 33(b) CISG
• IV. Article 33(c) CISG
• Article 34 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 34 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• C. Drafting History
• II. Time, Place and Form of Handing over Documents
• III. Seller’s Right to Cure
• Article 35 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 35 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• C. Drafting History
• II. Article 35(1) CISG
• A. General
• B. Peius and Aliud
• III. Article 35(2) CISG
• A. Article 35(2)(a) CISG
• (a) Ordinary Use
• (b) ‘Average Quality’, ‘Merchantable Quality’, ‘Merchantability’
• (c) Public Law Requirements
• B. Article 35(2)(b) CISG—‘Fitness for a Particular Purpose’
• C. Article 35(2)(c) CISG: Sale by Sample or Model
• D. Article 35(2)(d) CISG: Packaging
• IV. Article 35(3) CISG
• V. Burden of Proof and Evidence of Lack of Conformity
• VI. Concurring Remedies
• Article 36 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 36 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• II. Operation of Article 36 CISG
• Article 37 CISG
• Articles 38 and 39 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Articles 38 and 39 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• (a) Civil Law Legal Systems
• (b) Anglo-American Legal Systems
• C. Drafting History
• II. Examination of the Goods
• A. Period for Examination
• B. Manner of Examination
• C. Postponement of Examination
• III. Reasonable Period of Time under Article 39 CISG
• IV. Specificity of Notice
• V. Form of Notice
• VI. Article 39(2) CISG Time Limit
• VII. Application of Articles 38 and 39 CISG by Analogy?
• VIII. CISG Advisory Council
• Article 40 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Operation of Article 40 CISG
• Article 41 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 41 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• II. Operation of Article 41 CISG
• Article 42 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 42 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• II. Mere Claims
• III. Territorial Limitations
• IV. Knowledge of the Seller
• Article 43 CISG
• Article 44 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 44 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• C. Drafting History
• II. Operation of Article 44 CISG
• Article 45 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 45(1) CISG
• III. Article 45(2) CISG
• IV. Article 45(3) CISG
• Article 46 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 46 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• II. Performance of the Contract—Article 46(1) CISG
• III. Claim to Substitute Delivery—Article 46(2) CISG
• IV. Repair—Article 46(3) CISG
• Article 47 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 47 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• II. Operation of Article 47 CISG
• A. Necessity of a Nachfrist
• B. Additional Period of Reasonable Length
• C. Effect of Setting an Additional Period of Time
• Article 48 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 48 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• C. International Principles
• II. Article 48(1) CISG
• A. ‘Subject to Article 49’
• B. Reasonableness
• III. Article 48(2), (3) CISG
• Article 49 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 49 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• (a) Continental Legal Systems
• (b) The Approach under English Law
• (c) The Approach under US Law
• (d) Modern Solutions and International Principles
• C. Drafting History
• II. Avoidance for Fundamental Breach—Article 49(1)(a) CISG
• A. Operation of Article 49(1)(a) CISG
• B. Non-conforming Goods
• (a) Express Stipulations
• (b) Purpose for which Goods are Bought
• (c) Possibility of Repair or Replacement
• C. Non-conforming Documents
• D. Late Delivery
• III. Avoidance after Additional Period of Time—Article 49(1)(b) CISG
• IV. Buyer’s Observance of Time Limits—Article 49(2) CISG
• Article 50 CISG
• I. Overview
• A. Content and Purpose of Article 50 CISG
• B. Domestic Laws
• C. International Principles
• D. Drafting History
• II. Requirements for a Reduction of the Price
• III. Calculation of Price Reduction
• Article 51 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Operation of Article 51 CISG
• Article 52 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Early Delivery—Article 52(1) CISG
• III. Delivery of Excess Quantity
• Article 53 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Parties’ Agreement Prevails
• III. Currency of Payment
• A. Under the CISG
• B. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 54 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. ‘Obligation de moyen’ or ‘obligation de résultat’?
• Article 55 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Interaction between Articles 14 and 55 CISG
• III. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 56 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 57 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 57(1)(a) CISG
• III. Article 57(1)(b) CISG
• IV. Article 57(1) CISG as a General Principle Valid for Other Monetary Claims
• V. Means of Payment
• VI. Article 57(1) CISG and Determination of Jurisdictional Competence
• VII. Article 57(2) CISG
• VIII. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 58 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 58(1) CISG
• III. Article 58(2) CISG
• A. Operation
• B. Article 58(2) CISG—a General Principle of Retention?
• IV. Article 58(3) CISG
• V. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 59 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Determining when Payment Becomes Due
• Article 60 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 60(a) CISG
• A. Buyer’s Involvement in the Delivery of the Goods
• B. Article 60(a) CISG—A General Principle of Cooperation
• III. Article 60(b) CISG
• Article 61 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 61(1) CISG
• III. Article 61(2) CISG
• IV. Article 61(3) CISG
• Article 62 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Restrictions on Seller’s Right to Payment and (Other) Specific Performance
• III. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 63 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 63(1) CISG
• III. Article 63(2) CISG
• Article 64 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 64(1) CISG
• III. Article 64(1)(b) CISG
• IV. Article 64(2) CISG
• Article 65 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 65(1) CISG
• III. Article 65(2) CISG
• IV. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 66 CISG
• I. Overview of Chapter IV
• II. Article 66 CISG
• III. Parties’ Agreement on Passing of Risk
• A. In General
• B. In Particular: INCOTERMS®
• C. Interpretation of Contract Terms with regard to Risk Allocation
• D. Usages in International Trade and Practices Established between the Parties
• Article 67 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Handing Over to the First Carrier (Article 67(1) CISG)
• A. Article 67(1), Sentence 1 CISG
• B. Interpretation of Contract Terms with Regard to Risk Allocation
• C. Particular Place (Article 67(1), Sentence 2 CISG)
• D. Documents Controlling the Disposition of the Goods (Article 67(1), Sentence 3 CISG)
• III. Identification of the Goods (Article 67(2) CISG)
• IV. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 68 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Passing of Risk at the Moment of the Conclusion of the Contract
• III. Retroactive Allocation of the Risk
• IV. Article 68, Sentence 3 CISG
• Article 69 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 69(1) CISG
• III. Article 69(2) CISG
• IV. Article 69(3) CISG
• Article 70 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Operation of Article 70 CISG
• Article 71 CISG
• I. Overview of Articles 71 to 73: Anticipatory Breach and Instalment Contracts
• II. Preliminary Remedy (Article 71 CISG)
• III. Right of Suspension (Article 71(1) CISG)
• A. Serious Deficiency in the Ability to Perform or in Creditworthiness (Article 71(1)(a) CISG)
• B. Conduct in Performing or in Preparing to Perform the Contract (Article 71(1)(b) CISG)
• IV. Right of Stoppage in Transit (Article 71(2) CISG)
• V. Notice Requirement: Providing Assurance (Article 71(3) CISG)
• A. Giving Immediate Notice
• B. Providing Adequate Assurance
• VI. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 72 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Right to Avoid the Contract (Article 72(1) CISG)
• III. Notice Requirement (Article 72(2) CISG)
• IV. Refusal to Perform (Article 72(3) CISG)
• V. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 73 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Definition of ‘Instalment Contract’
• III. Fundamental Breach in respect of One Instalment (Article 73(1) CISG)
• IV. Good Grounds for Future Fundamental Breach (Article 73(2) CISG)
• V. Avoidance of Past or Future Instalments due to their Interdependence (Article 73(3) CISG)
• VI. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 74 CISG
• I. Overview of Articles 74 to 77 and 79 CISG
• II. Article 74, sentence 1 CISG
• A. Operation of Article 74, sentence 1 CISG
• B. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• III. Types of Losses
• A. General Categorisations
• B. The Principle of ‘Full Compensation’ under the CISG
• C. Non-performance Loss
• D. Incidental Loss
• (a) In General
• (b) Special Cases
• (i) Expenditure for Debt Collection and Costs of Legal Proceedings
• (ii) Currency Devaluation
• E. Consequential Damages
• (a) Loss of Profit
• (b) Liability towards Third Parties; Loss of Reputation
• (c) Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• IV. Article 74, sentence 2 CISG
• A. Operation of Article 74, sentence 2 CISG
• B. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• V. Standard of Proof
• VI. CISG Advisory Council
• Article 75 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Operation of Article 75 CISG
• A. Avoidance of the Contract
• B. Reasonableness of the Cover Transaction
• III. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• IV. CISG Advisory Council
• Article 76 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 76(1), sentence 1 CISG
• A. Avoidance of the Contract
• B. Current Market Price at the Time of Avoidance of the Contract
• III. Article 76(1), sentence 2 CISG
• IV. Article 76(2) CISG
• V. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• VI. CISG Advisory Council
• Article 77 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Operation of Article 77 CISG
• III. Extent of Reduction of Damages
• IV. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 78 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. History
• III. Operation of Article 78 CISG
• A. Scope of Application
• B. Prerequisites
• (a) Due Date
• (b) No Requirement for Formal Notice of Default
• IV. Interest Rate
• V. Relationship between Articles 78 and 74 CISG and Domestic Law
• VI. CISG Advisory Council
• Article 79 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Operation of Article 79 CISG
• III. Article 79(1) CISG
• A. Impediment Beyond the Party’s Control
• B. Unforeseeability
• C. Avoiding or Overcoming the Impediment
• D. Practical Use
• E. Liability for Third Persons
• IV. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• V. Hardship
• VI. Article 79(2) CISG
• VII. CISG Advisory Council
• Article 80 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Article 80 CISG in Detail
• III. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 81 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. The Principle (Article 81(1) CISG)
• A. Claims for Damages
• B. Provisions for the Settlement of Disputes
• C. Other Provisions of the Contract
• III. Duty to make Restitution (Article 81(2) CISG)
• Article 82 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. The Principle: No Avoidance where Restitution has become Impossible (Article 82(1) CISG)
• III. The Three Exceptions (Article 82(2) CISG)
• IV. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Article 83 CISG
• Article 84 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Duty to Pay Interest (Article 84(1) CISG)
• III. Accounting for Benefits (Article 84(2) CISG)
• Article 85 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Operation of Article 85 CISG
• Article 86 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Buyer’s Duty to Preserve the Goods (Article 86(1) CISG)
• III. Buyer’s Duty to Take Possession of the Goods (Article 86(2) CISG)
• Article 87 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Operation of Article 87 CISG
• A. Requirements
• B. Consequences
• Article 88 CISG
• I. Overview
• II. Right to Resell the Goods (Article 88(1) CISG)
• III. Duty to Resell the Goods (Article 88(2) CISG)
• IV. Right to Retain Amount for Preservation and Resale Costs (Article 88(3) CISG)
• V. Comparison with Other Legal Provisions
• Answers to Sample Questions
• Appendix: Text of the CISG
• Copyright Page