Efnisyfirlit

• Coverpage
• Halftitle page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface to the Fifth Edition
• Abbreviations and Measures
• Part One. Principles and Concepts of Development
• 1. How the Other Two-Thirds Live
• Nature and Scope of the Text
• Organization of the Text
• How the Poorest Two-Thirds Live
• Globalization, Outsourcing, and Information Technology
• India’s and Asia’s Golden Age of Development
• Which Is the Major Motor of Global Economic Growth: America or Asia?
• Critical Questions in Development Economics
• Guide to Readings
• 2. What Is Economic Development?
• Scope of the Chapter
• Guide to Readings
• 3. Economic Development in Historical Perspective
• Scope of the Chapter
• An Evolutionary Biological Approach to Development
• Ancient and Medieval Economic Growth
• World Leaders in Gross Domestic Product Per Capita, 1500 to the Present
• Beginnings of Sustained Economic Growth
• The West and Afro–Asia: The Nineteenth Century and Today
• Capitalism and Modern Western Economic Development
• Economic Modernization in the Non-Western World
• The Japanese Development Model
• The Korean–Taiwanese Model
• Lessons from Non-Western Models
• Growth in the Last 100 to 150 Years
• The Power of Exponential Growth – The United States and Canada: The Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
• The Golden Age of Growth
• Economic Growth in Europe and Japan after World War II
• Recent Economic Growth in Developing Countries
• Regions of the World
• The Convergence Controversy
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• 4. Characteristics and Institutions of Developing Countries
• Scope of the Chapter
• Varying Income Inequality
• Political Framework
• A Large Proportion of the Labor Force in Agriculture
• A Large Proportion of Output in Agriculture
• Inadequate Technology and Capital
• Low Saving Rates
• A Dual Economy
• Varying Dependence on International Trade
• Rapid Population Growth
• Low Literacy and School Enrollment Rates
• An Unskilled Labor Force
• Poorly Developed Economic and Political Institutions
• Insufficient State Tax Collections and Provision of Basic Services
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• 5. Theories of Economic Development
• Scope of the Chapter
• The Classical Theory of Economic Stagnation
• Marx’s Historical Materialism
• Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth
• Vicious Circle Theory
• Balanced versus Unbalanced Growth
• Coordination Failure: The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development
• The Lewis–Fei–Ranis Model
• Baran’s Neo-Marxist Thesis
• Dependency Theory
• The Neoclassical Counterrevoluation
• The Neoclassical Growth Theory
• The New (Endogenous) Growth Theory
• A Trial-by-Error Approach: Turning Research into Action
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• Appendix to Chapter 5: The Harrod–Domar Model
• Part Two. Poverty Alleviation and Income Distribution
• 6. Poverty, Malnutrition, and Income Inequality
• Information Sparsity
• Scope of the Chapter
• Poverty as Multidimensional
• $1 or $1.25/Day and $2/Day Poverty
• Regional Poverty
• Concepts and Measures of Poverty: Sen’s Approach
• Reddy and Pogge’s Critique of the World Bank’s Approach
• The Lorenz Curve and Gini Index (G): Measures of the Distribution of Income
• The World Bank, Milanovic, and Their Critics: Views of Poverty and Inequality
• Early and Late Stages of Development
• Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Countries
• Slow and Fast Growers
• Women, Poverty, Inequality, and Male Dominance
• Accompaniments of Absolute Poverty
• Identifying Poverty Groups
• Case Studies of Countries
• Policies to Reduce Poverty and Income Inequality
• Integrated War on Poverty
• Income Equality Versus Growth
• Poverty, Inequality, and War
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• 7. Rural Poverty and Agricultural Transformation
• Scope of the Chapter
• Agriculture’s Role in Transforming the Economy
• Major Rural Groups in Poverty
• Rural Poverty by World Region
• Rural and Agricultural Development
• Rural–Urban Differentials in Nineteenth-Century Europe and Contemporary Less-Developed Countries
• Agricultural Productivity in Developed Countries and Less-Developed Countries
• The Evolution of Agriculture in Less-Developed Countries
• Multinational Corporations and Contract Farming
• Growth of Average Food Production in sub-Saharan Africa, Other Less-Developed Countries, and Developed Countries
• Food in India and China
• Less-Developed Countries’ Food Deficits
• Food Output and Demand Growth
• Fish, Meat, and Grains
• Factors Contributing to Low Income and Poverty in Rural Areas
• Policies to Increase Rural Income and Reduce Poverty
• Agricultural Biotechnology
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• Part Three. Factors of Growth
• 8. Population and Development
• The Production Function
• Scope of the Chapter
• World Population throughout History
• Population Growth in Developed and Developing Countries
• World Population: Rapid but Decelerating Growth
• The Demographic Transition
• Stage 1: High Fertility and Mortality
• Stage 2: Declining Mortality
• Stage 3: Declining Fertility
• Beyond Stage 4: A Stationary Population
• Is Population Growth an Obstacle to Economic Development?
• Population and Food
• Urbanization and Congestion
• Rapid Labor Force Growth and Increasing Unemployment
• The Dependency Ratio
• Strategies for Reducing Fertility
• Birth Control Programs
• Socioeconomic Development
• Development or Family Planning?
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• 9. Employment, Migration, and Urbanization
• Employment Problems in Less-Developed Countries
• Scope of the Chapter
• Dimensions of Unemployment and Underemployment
• Underutilized Labor
• Labor Force Growth, Urbanization, and Industrial Expansion
• Disguised Unemployment
• Rural–Urban Migration
• The Harris–Todaro Model
• Criticisms of the Harris–Todaro Model
• The Effect of Other Amenities
• Western Approaches to Unemployment
• Causes of Unemployment in Developing Countries
• Unemployment among the Educated
• Policies for Reducing Unemployment
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• 10. Education, Health, and Human Capital
• Scope of the Chapter
• Investment in Human Capital
• Economic Returns to Education
• Noneconomic Benefits of Education
• Education as Screening
• Education and Equality
• Education and Political Discontent
• Secondary and Higher Education
• Education via Electronic Media
• Planning for Specialized Education and Training
• Achieving Consistency in Planning Educated People
• Vocational and Technical Skills
• Reducing the Brain Drain
• Socialization and Motivation
• Mortality and Disability
• AIDS
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• 11. Capital Formation, Investment Choice, Information Technology, and Technical Progress
• Scope of the Chapter
• Capital Formation and Technical Progress as Sources of Growth
• Components of the Residual
• Learning by Doing
• Growth as a Process of Increase in Inputs
• The Cost of Technical Knowledge
• Research, Invention, Development, and Innovation
• Computers, Electronics, and Information Technology
• Investment Criteria
• Monopoly
• Saving and Reinvestment
• Factor Price Distortions
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• 12. Entrepreneurship, Organization, and Innovation
• Scope of the Chapter
• Entrepreneur as Innovator
• Schumpeter’s Theory
• The Schumpeterian Entrepreneur in Developing Countries
• Stages in Innovation
• Family as Entrepreneur
• Achievement Motivation, Self-Assessment, and Entrepreneurship
• Theory of Technological Creativity
• Occupational Background
• Religious and Ethnic Origin
• Social Origins and Mobility
• Education
• Gender
• Technological Mobilization and Entrepreneurship in Socialist and Transitional Economies
• Long-Term Property Rights
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• 13. Is Economic Growth Sustainable? Natural Resources and the Environment
• Sustainable Development
• Natural and Environmental Resources and Resource Flows
• Crude Oil
• Dutch Disease
• Resource Curse
• Poverty and Environmental Stress
• Grassroots Environmental Action
• Market Imperfections and Policy Failures as Determinants of Environmental Degradation
• Pollution
• Arid and Semiarid Lands
• Tropical Climates
• Global Public Goods: Climate and Biodiversity
• Limits to Growth
• Natural Asset Deterioration and the Measurement of National Income
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• Part Four. The Macroeconomics and International Economics of Development
• 14. Monetary, Fiscal, and Incomes Policies and Inflation
• Scope of the Chapter
• Limitations of Monetary Policy
• Tax Ratios and Gross National Product per Capita
• Goals of Tax Policy
• Political Constraints to Tax Policy
• Expenditure Policy
• Inflation
• Financial Repression and Liberalization
• A Capital Market and Financial System
• Financial Instability
• Islamic Banking
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• 15. Balance of Payments, Aid, and Foreign Investment
• Globalization and Its Contented and Discontented
• North–South Interdependence
• Capital Inflows
• Massive Capital Inflows to the United States
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• 16. The External Debt and Financial Crises
• Scope of the Chapter
• Sovereign Wealth Funds
• Definitions of External Debt and Debt Service
• Origins of Debt Crises
• Capital Flight
• The Crisis from the U.S. Banking Perspective
• Spreads and Risk Premiums
• The Crisis from the Less-Developed Countries’ Perspective
• Debt Indicators
• Net Transfers
• Major Less-Developed Countries’ Debtors
• Financial and Currency Crises
• World Bank and International Monetary Fund Lending and Adjustment Programs
• Fundamentalists versus the Columbia School (Stiglitz-Sachs)
• Changing the International Monetary Fund and the International Financial Architecture
• International Monetary Fund Failed Proposals to Reduce Financial Crises
• Debt Cancellation
• Concerted Action
• The International Monetary Fund’s Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanism
• Resolving the Debt Crises
• Brady Plan
• The Policy Cartel
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• 17. International Trade
• Scope of the Chapter
• Does Trade Cause Growth?
• Arguments for Trade: Comparative Advantage
• Arguments for Tariffs
• Path Dependence of Comparative Advantage
• The Application of Arguments for and against Free Trade to Developed Countries
• Shifts in the Terms of Trade
• Import Substitution and Export Expansion in Industry
• Global Production Sharing and Borderless Economies
• Developed Countries’ Import Policies
• Expanding Primary Export Earnings
• Agricultural Protection
• Trade in Services
• The Mankiw Debate
• Intellectual Property Rights
• Foreign-Exchange Rates
• Domestic Currency Overvaluation
• Avoiding Bias against Exports
• Domestic Currency Devaluation
• The Real Exchange Rate
• Dual Exchange Rates
• Exchange-Rate Adjustment and Other Prices
• The Impossible Trinity: Exchange-Rate Stability, Free Capital Movement, and Monetary Autonomy
• Currency Crises
• Managed Floating Plus
• Regional Integration
• Promotion and Protection of Infant Entrepreneurship
• Black Markets and Illegal Transactions
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• Part Five. Development Strategies
• 18. The Transition to Liberalization and Economic Reform: Eastern Europe, the Former Soviet Union, and China
• The Collapse of State Socialism and Problems with Subsequent Economic Reform in Russia
• Enterprise Monopolies
• The Transition to a Market Economy in China
• Banking Reform
• Lessons for LDCs from the Russian, Polish, and Chinese Transitions to the Market
• Guide to Readings
• Appendix
• State Planning as Ideology for New States
• Afro-Asian Socialism
• Dirigiste Debate
• Scope of the Appendix
• Soviet Planning
• Indian Planning
• The Market versus Detailed Centralized Planning
• Indicative Plans
• Planning Goals and Instruments
• The Duration of Plans
• Planning Models and Their Limitations
• Input–Output Tables and Other Economic Data
• Public Policies toward the Private Sector
• Public Expenditures
• Performance of Private and Public Enterprises
• Conclusion
• Guide to Readings
• 19. Stabilization, Adjustment, and Reform
• Internal and External Balance
• The Universality of Adjustment in Developing and Transitional Economies
• The World Bank
• International Monetary Fund
• Critique of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund Adjustment Programs
• A Political Economy of Stabilization and Adjustment
• Empirical Evidence
• The Sequence of Trade, Exchange Rate, and Capital Market Reform
• Glossary
• Bibliography
• Index