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• Cover
• Half Title
• Series
• Title
• Copyright
• Outline Contents
• Detailed Contents
• Guide to the Spotlights series
• Guide to the website
• Preface
• Table of cases
• Table of legislation
• 1 Introduction to ‘law’ and the ‘legal system’
• Introduction
• What is law?
• The function(s) of the law
• Preservation of public order
• Reflecting and influencing values of a society
• Regulating the powers of institutions of the state
• Protection of individual freedoms
• Regulating relationships
• Resolving disputes
• Law and legal theory
• Legal systems and their classification
• Common law systems
• Civil law
• Religious systems
• The legal systems of the United Kingdom
• Scotland
• Northern Ireland
• England and Wales
• The European Union
• Themes and contexts within this book
• Legal skills
• A blueprint for the book
• Companion website
• Multiple choice questions
• Podcasts
• 2 Sources of law
• Introduction
• The nature of sources of law in the English Legal System
• Legislation
• Primary legislation
• Secondary (or delegated) legislation
• Legislation of the National Assembly for Wales
• Common law
• Custom and practice
• Equity
• Books of authority
• International law
• Categorising the law of England and Wales
• Common law and civil law
• Common law and statute
• Common law and equity
• Constitutional or ordinary law
• Criminal law and civil law
• Public law and private law
• Procedural or substantive law
• Summary
• Hierarchy of norms and sources
• Conclusion
• Podcasts
• 3 Institutions of the legal system
• Introduction
• Institutions of law-making
• The legislature
• House of Commons
• House of Lords
• Crown in Parliament
• The executive
• Monarch
• The UK Government
• Executive agencies, non-departmental public bodies
• The Civil Service
• The judicial branch
• Separation of powers
• Separation of powers within the legal system of England and Wales
• The website
• Podcasts
• 4 Law-making in the English Legal System I – primary legislation
• Introduction
• Parliamentary sovereignty
• Primary legislation
• ‘Nature of the Bill’ classification
• Public Bills
• Private Bills
• Hybrid Bills
• ‘Origin of Bill’ classification
• Government Bills
• Private Members’ Bills
• Legislative process
• Influences on law-making
• Manifesto pledges
• Royal Commission reports
• Public inquiries
• Law Commission Reports
• International law obligations
• Pressure groups
• Public pressure
• Pre-legislative process
• Consultation: Green and White Papers
• Speech from the Throne
• Drafting
• Passage through Parliament – the legislative process
• Statement of compatibility
• House of Commons – First Reading
• House of Commons – Public Reading
• House of Commons – Second Reading
• House of Commons – programme motion and order
• House of Commons – committee stage
• Public Bill Committee
• Select Committee
• Committee of the Whole House
• House of Commons – Report Stage
• House of Commons – Third Reading
• House of Lords – procedure
• Amendments
• Royal Assent
• Coming into force and commencement
• Post-legislative review
• Special procedures
• Conflict and the Parliament Acts
• Preservation
• Transfer of powers to the European Union
• The legislative landscape: flat or contoured?
• Conclusion
• The website
• Podcasts
• 5 Law-making in the English Legal System II – delegated (secondary) legislation
• Introduction
• Nature and scope of secondary legislation
• Need for secondary legislation
• Detail vs principle and the need for expertise
• Updating of rules
• Expansion of the state
• Speed of response and emergencies
• To implement EU law
• Types of secondary legislation
• Orders in Council
• Statutory instruments
• Commencement orders
• Orders in Council
• Regulations
• Remedial orders
• Devolution
• Regulatory reform orders and control of public bodies
• Byelaws
• Rules, codes of conduct and codes of practice (tertiary legislation)
• Passage of statutory instruments
• Negative resolution procedure
• Affirmative resolution procedure
• Scrutiny of delegated legislation
• Committees of Parliament
• Joint Committee on Statutory Instruments (JCSI)
• Delegated Legislation Committees (DLCs)
• House of Lords Secondary Legislation Scrutiny Committee (SLSC)
• Departmental Select Committees (DSCs)
• Judicial scrutiny of delegated legislation
• Conclusion
• The website
• Podcasts
• 6 Statutory interpretation
• Introduction
• The importance of statutory interpretation
• For the English Legal System generally
• For students (of law and otherwise)
• The need for statutory interpretation
• The multiple or uncertain meanings of words
• Poor drafting
• The difficulties of turning policy into ‘law’
• New situations
• Approaches to parliamentary drafting
• The ‘natural’ as opposed to the ‘legal’ meaning of words
• The dangers of statutory interpretation
• The traditional ‘tools’ of statutory interpretation
• The rules of interpretation
• Literal rule
• Golden rule
• Mischief rule
• Purposive rule
• Concluding remarks on the rules
• Presumptions and principles
• Rules of language
• Interpretative aids
• Conclusion
• The website
• Podcasts
• 7 The judiciary
• Introduction
• Nature of judging and role of the judiciary
• Judicial office holders
• Appointment of judges
• Context
• Judicial Appointments Commission
• Justices of the Supreme Court
• Other judicial appointments
• Training
• Complaints, discipline and removal from judicial office
• Misconduct
• Public perception and behaviour of the judiciary
• Retirement
• Judicial independence and neutrality
• Judicial neutrality
• Judicial immunity
• Diversity in the judiciary
• The problem
• The solution
• The website
• Podcasts
• 8 The court structure
• Introduction
• The framework of senior and inferior courts
• The inferior courts
• The senior courts
• Magistrates courts – civil and criminal jurisdiction
• Criminal jurisdiction
• Civil cases
• The County Court – civil jurisdiction only
• Appellate jurisdiction of the County Court
• The High Court – civil jurisdiction
• The tracks system and case management
• The Court of Appeal – civil jurisdiction
• The Supreme Court
• The Privy Council
• Court of Justice of the European Union
• The criminal court system
• The Magistrates’ criminal jurisdiction
• The Crown Court
• Appellate jurisdiction of the Crown Court
• Court of Appeal – criminal jurisdiction
• The court’s jurisdiction and its judges
• Supreme Court
• The Privy Council
• The Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC)
• A critical approach to the court structure
• Conclusion
• The website
• Podcasts
• 9 Precedent
• Introduction
• The rationale and practical considerations for precedent
• The rationale
• Practical considerations
• The reporting of cases
• Discerning the ‘value’ of judgments
• Establishing the binding element
• The binding element of a case
• Ratio decidendi
• Obiter dicta
• Mechanisms for avoiding precedent
• Distinguishing
• Reversing
• Overruling
• Per incuriam
• The precedential hierarchy
• The Supreme Court
• The Senior Courts
• Court of Appeal (civil division)
• Court of Appeal (criminal division)
• High Court (appellate and first instance jurisdiction)
• The Crown Court
• The Inferior Courts
• The Family Court
• The European Courts
• Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
• Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights
• Non-binding precedent
• Conclusion
• The website
• Podcasts
• 10 Civil justice
• Introduction
• Terminology and a little history
• Civil justice pre-Lord Woolf
• Civil justice post-Lord Woolf
• The Jackson Report
• The Briggs Report
• From dispute to trial
• Paying for legal services
• Introducing the case study – a breach of contract
• Civil Procedure Rules (CPR)
• Overriding Objective (Part 1)
• Pre-action steps
• Issue and the tracks
• Starting Proceedings (Part 7)
• Courts’ power of case management (CPR Parts 1 and 3)
• Issuing
• Responding to particulars (Part 9)
• Offers to settle (Part 36 offers)
• Allocations
• Small claims track (Part 27)
• Fast track (Part 28)
• Multi-track (Part 29)
• The civil trial process
• Remedies
• Interim relief
• Damages
• Equitable remedy
• Costs (CPR Parts 43–47)
• Enforcement (CPR Parts 70–74)
• But, will there be a trial at all?
• The website
• Podcasts
• 11 Criminal justice
• Introduction
• The criminal justice system in summary
• Detecting crime and keeping order: police organisation and investigation powers and safeguards for the citizen
• The police role in getting the accused to court
• The police station, detention, questioning and associated powers
• What if the facts had been different?
• Assembling initial evidence at the police station
• Taking samples
• Search of premises
• Police and demonstrators or protestors, or other law breakers
• Charging the accused
• The criminal court process
• Summary offences before the magistrates
• The summary trial process
• Either way offences before the magistrates and/or the Crown Court
• Allocation procedure
• Indictable offences
• Trial on indictment in the Crown Court
• The Crown Court trial process
• The order of speeches and evidence
• The prosecution case
• The defence case
• Closing speeches
• Summing up
• Verdict
• Sentencing
• The website
• Podcasts
• 12 The jury
• Introduction
• The importance of the jury
• Origins
• The rationale for jury trial
• The function and forms of jury trial
• Function of a jury
• Criminal trials
• Bench trials in criminal matters
• Serious or complex fraud cases
• Serious risk of jury tampering
• Civil
• Coroners’ courts
• Jury selection
• Summoning
• Underpinning principles
• Majority decisions
• ‘Jury equity’
• Confidentiality of deliberation
• Qualification for jury service
• Eligibility
• Ineligibility
• Disqualification
• Grounds for excusal or deferral
• From summons to serving
• Challenges
• Challenging the array
• Challenge for cause
• Stand by (and jury vetting)
• Juror behaviour
• The website
• Podcasts
• 13 Administrative Justice and the tribunal system
• Introduction
• Administrative law and justice
• Courts and tribunals
• Distinction between courts and tribunals
• The Administrative Court
• Supervisory jurisdiction over other courts, tribunals and authorities
• Judicial review
• The Tribunals Service – reformed framework of the tribunals
• The First and Upper Tiers
• First Tier
• The General Regulatory Chamber (GRC)
• The Social Entitlement Chamber (SEC)
• Health, Education and Social Care Chamber
• Immigration and Asylum Chamber
• Property Chamber
• Tax Chamber
• War Pensions and Armed Forces Compensation Chamber
• The Upper Tier
• Administrative Appeals Chamber
• Tax and Chancery Chamber
• Lands Chamber
• Immigration and Asylum Chamber
• How cases are heard in tribunals
• Employment Tribunals and other ‘different’ tribunals
• A critical approach to the court and tribunal structure
• Ombudsmen
• Inquiries
• The website
• Podcasts
• 14 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
• Introduction
• Principles of Alternative Dispute Resolution
• Types of ADR
• Mutually exclusive or hybrid forms of ADR?
• Rationale for Alternative Dispute Resolution
• Party control of the process
• Costs
• Appropriate forum for discussion
• Arbitration
• Arbitration Act 1996
• Rationale of the Arbitration Act 1996
• General provisions of the Arbitration Act 1996
• Party choice
• Powers of Court
• Powers and duties of arbitrators and the arbitral tribunal
• Common examples of arbitration
• Commercial arbitration
• Faith-based arbitration
• Family law arbitrations
• Role of ABTA
• Advantages and disadvantages of arbitration
• Mediation
• Principles of mediation
• Examples of mediation in the English Legal System
• Mediation in family cases
• Court-based schemes
• Court of Appeal Mediation Scheme (CAMS)
• Central London County Court
• Small claims track mediation
• Advantages and disadvantages of mediation
• Encouraging the use of ADR
• Compulsion
• Encouragement from within the formal legal system
• Small claims track
• The Commercial Court
• Government encouragement
• Summary of use of ADR within the formal legal system
• Conclusion
• The website
• Podcasts
• 15 legal professionals
• Introduction
• The historical context of the professions
• ‘Paralegals’ – the odd ones out
• Education and training for legal professionals
• Solicitors – the current route to qualification
• The initial step
• The Legal Practice Course (LPC)
• Period of Recognised Training (the Training Contract)
• Professional Skills Courts (PSC)
• Qualification
• Barristers – the current route to qualification
• The initial step
• Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC)
• Pupillage
• Qualification
• The future of education and training
• Solicitors – the new route to qualification
• Barrister – the new route to qualification
• The regulation and work of the professions
• Solicitors
• Barristers
• Complaints
• Complaints against solicitors
• The Legal Ombudsman
• Complaints against barristers
• The future of the legal profession
• Conclusion
• The website
• Podcasts
• 16 The European Union and the legal system of England and Wales
• Introduction
• The European Union
• Treaties and a treaty-based system of rules
• Values and aims of the European Union
• European Union competence
• Membership – entering and leaving the European Union
• Institutions and law-making
• The institutions of the European Union
• The European Council
• Composition
• The Council of the European Union
• Composition(s)
• The Commission
• Composition
• The European Parliament
• Composition
• The Court of Justice of the European Union
• Law-making within the EU
• Sources of law
• Legal instruments
• Legislative procedures
• Ordinary legislative procedure
• Special legislative procedure
• Legal base
• Specific legal bases
• General legal bases
• Democratic deficit
• The European Union and the English Legal System
• The post-Brexit impact of European law on the legal system of England and Wales
• What to do with European Union law post-Brexit?
• Types of retained EU law
• EU-derived domestic law
• Direct EU legislation
• All other relevant rights, powers, liabilities, obligations, restrictions, remedies and procedures
• Retained EU case law
• The website
• Podcasts
• Index