Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Preface for Instructors
• Acknowledgments
• Source Acknowledgments
• General Introduction
• References
• Theorizing about Ethics
• The Need for Theory
• Is it Just a Matter of Opinion?
• The Role of Theory
• Main Types of Theory
• Conclusion
• References
• Reading Philosophy
• Philosophical Language
• The Centrality of Argument
• Looking at Others’ Views
• The Rational Consequences of What We Say
• A Final Word
• References
• Writing a Philosophy Paper
• The Most Common Types
• Writing
• Revise, Revise, Revise
• Learning from Others
• References
• The Basics of Argumentation
• Reference
• Part I: Theory
• Ethical Theory
• Reference
• 1 Consequentialism
• The Good is Agent‐Neutral and Independent of the Right
• Probable Consequences, Not Actual Consequences, Are What Count
• Utilitarianism
• Consequentialism in Practice
• Objections to Consequentialism
• Conclusion
• References
• 2 Deontology
• Introduction
• Common‐Sense Morality
• Varieties of Deontology
• Defending Deontology
• References
• Further Reading
• 3 Rights
• Features of Rights
• Kinds of Rights
• What are Rights?
• Rights in Practice
• What Can Have Rights?
• Rights, Consequentialism, Virtue Ethics, and Deontology
• Acknowledgment
• References
• 4 Virtue Theory
• Introduction
• Virtue (Arete) as Excellence
• Phronesis (Wisdom)
• Contemporary Virtue Ethics
• Eudaimonia
• Part II: Life, Death, and Moral Status
• Euthanasia
• Further Reading
• 5 Justifying Physician‐Assisted Deaths
• The Troubled Distinction between Killing and Letting‐Die
• When Does a Role in Bringing about Death Constitute Killing?
• Valid Refusal as the Basis of Letting‐Die
• Valid Refusals and Valid Requests
• The Wrongness in Causing or Assisting in Death
• The Key Argument in Defense of Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
• Justifying Policies and Justifying Acts
• 6 Against the Right to Die
• I
• II
• IV
• V
• VI
• VII
• VIII
• IX
• X
• XI
• XII
• Acknowledgments
• References
• 7 Physician‐Assisted Deaths: Policy Choices
• The Status of the Debate
• Terminological Preliminaries
• Why Assist Any Patients to Die?
• Are There Morally Relevant Distinctions between Withholding Treatment and EAS?
• The Case for Legal Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide
• Conclusion
• 8 Dying at the Right Time: Reflections on (Un)assisted Suicide
• The Key Questions
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• References
• 9 ‘For Now Have I My Death’: The ‘Duty to Die’ Versus the Duty to Help the Ill Stay Alive
• I
• II
• III
• Abortion
• Further Reading
• 10 A Defense of Abortion
• 11 On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion
• I
• II
• Conclusion
• 12 An Argument that Abortion is Wrong
• Why the Debate over Abortion Seems Intractable
• The “Future Like Ours” Account of the Wrongness of Killing
• Arguments in Favor of the FLO Theory
• Replies to Objections
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgment
• References
• 13 The Moral Permissibility of Abortion
• Introduction
• The Moral Status of Embryos and Early Fetuses
• Abortion and Gestational Assistance
• Intimacy, Pregnancy, and Motherhood
• Norms of Responsible Creation
• Further Reading
• References
• 14 Virtue Theory and Abortion
• Virtue Theory
• Abortion
• Conclusion
• Animals
• Further Reading
• 15 All Animals are Equal
• 16 Moral Standing, the Value of Lives, and Speciesism
• I
• II
• III
• IV
• V
• VI
• VII
• VIII
• 17 The Case for Animal Rights
• 18 The Vegetarian Imperative
• Why Eating Meat is an Ethical Issue
• How to Look at Animals
• Why We Should Be Vegetarians
• Objections
• Vegetarianism or Veganism?
• Taking Responsibility
• What About Responsible Meat‐eating?
• Vegetarianism and Different Ethical Approaches
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgment
• Further Reading
• Biomedical Technologies
• Further Reading
• 19 Is Women’s Labor a Commodity?
• What Is a Commodity?
• The Case of Commercial Surrogacy
• Children as Commodities
• Women’s Labor as a Commodity
• Commercial Surrogacy, Freedom, and the Law
• 20 “Goodbye Dolly?” The Ethics of Human Cloning
• Cell Mass Division
• Individuals, Multiples, and Genetic Variation
• Nuclear Substitution: the Birth of Dolly
• Human Dignity
• Instrumentalization
• It is Better to Do Good
• Genetic Variability
• Genetic Identity
• A Right to Parents
• Two Parents Good, Three Parents Better
• What Good is Cloning?
• Dolly Collapses the Divide between Germ and Somatic Cells
• Immortality?
• Procreative Autonomy
• Acknowlegments
• 21 The Wisdom of Repugnance: Why We Should Ban the Cloning of Humans
• Taking Cloning Seriously, Then and Now
• The State of the Art
• The Wisdom of Repugnance
• The Profundity of Sex
• The Perversities of Cloning
• Ban the Cloning of Humans
• 22 Cognitive Enhancement
• I Preliminary Issues
• II In‐Principle Objections
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References
• Environment
• Further Reading
• 23 The Value of Nature
• The Value of Naturalness
• Inherent Worth in Nature
• Conclusion
• References
• 24 A Place for Cost–Benefit Analysis
• I What is CBA, and What is it For?
• II Is CBA Anthropocentric?
• III Does CBA Presuppose Utilitarian Moral Theory?
• IV Does CBA Tell Us to Sacrifice the One for the Sake of the Many?
• V Must CBA Treat All Values as Mere Commodities?
• VI Does CBA Work?
• VII Must CBA Measure Valuations in Terms of Willingness to Pay?
• VIII Must Future Generations Be Discounted?
• Conclusions
• References
• 25 Ideals of Human Excellence and Preserving Natural Environments
• I
• II
• III
• IV
• V
• 26 A Perfect Moral Storm: Climate Change, Intergenerational Ethics, and the Problem of Moral Corruption
• I The Global Storm
• II The Intergenerational Storm
• III The Theoretical Storm
• IV Moral Corruption
• Acknowledgments
• References
• Part III: Liberty and Equality
• Paternalism and Risk
• Harm to Self
• Risk to Others
• Further Reading
• 27 Freedom of Action
• 28 Against the Legalization of Drugs
• Back to the Future
• Have We Lost?
• The Benefits of Illegality
• The Alcohol Problem
• If I Am Wrong…
• 29 Why We Should Decriminalize Drug Use
• I The Meaning of Decriminalization
• II The Best Reason to Decriminalize Drug Use
• III Criminalization
• IV Predictions: A Bad Reason to Criminalize
• 30 The Liberal Basis of the Right to Bear Arms
• I Some Liberal Constraints
• II Firearms and Autonomy
• III Risk
• IV Firearms and Equality
• V Conclusion
• VI Epilogue: Liberal Neutrality
• 31 Gun Control
• Justifying Private Ownership of Guns
• Harm, Danger, and Risk
• What We Need to Know
• Assessing the Evidence
• A Third Way
• Acknowledgment
• References
• Free Speech
• Further Reading
• 32 Freedom of Thought and Discussion
• 33 “The Price We Pay?” Pornography and Harm
• What Is Pornography?
• Pornography and Harm
• A Moral Right to Pornography?
• Acknowledgments
• References
• 34 The Right to Get Turned On: Pornography, Autonomy, Equality
• I Introduction
• II What Is Pornography?
• III Sexual Autonomy
• IV Sexual Violence
• V Sexual Inequality
• VI Making Pornography
• VII Sexual Identity
• VIII Conclusion
• References
• 35 Sticks and Stones
• I Why Protect Freedom of Speech?
• II Free Speech and the Constitution
• III Harm and Offense
• IV Group Harm
• V Cumulative vs. Individual Harm
• VI Cumulative Harm to Self‐esteem
• VII Discrimination and Violence as Indirect Harms
• VIII Offensive Expression and Epithets
• Acknowledgments
• References
• 36 Speech Codes and Expressive Harm
• I Introduction
• II Causal Harm
• III Expressive Harm: Public Actors
• IV Expressive Harm: Private Actors
• V Moral Contempt
• VI Official Condemnation
• VII Speech Codes
• References
• Discrimination, Racism, and Sexism
• Further Reading
• 37 Racism as an Ethical Issue
• The Roots of Racism in the Concept of Race
• In What Does Ethical Wrong of Racism Consist?
• The “End of Racism” or Unrecognized Institutional Racism?
• Does Intent Matter?
• Can We Move “Beyond Race” and if so How?
• References
• 38 Servility and Self‐Respect
• I
• II
• III
• IV
• 39 Implicit Bias
• Introduction
• Awareness of Implicit Bias and Discrimination: Empirical Evidence
• Responsibility in Degrees
• Awareness, Responsibility, and Implicit Bias
• Conclusion
• References
• 40 Affirmative Action as Equalizing Opportunity: Challenging the Myth of “Preferential Treatment”
• Introduction
• Clarifying the Scope of Affirmative Action Policies
• Re‐envisioning the Rationale for Affirmative Action: From “Preferential Treatment” to “Equal Opportunity”
• The Limitations of the Compensation Rationale for Affirmative Action
• The Limitations of the Social Utility Rationales for Affirmative Action
• Challenging the “Stigma” of Affirmative Action
• Conclusion
• References
• 41 Sexual Harassment: Formal Complaints Are Not Enough
• 1 Problems with Excessive Focus on Formal Measures
• 2 How to Respond: Asking New Questions
• 3 Cases
• 4 Objections
• References
• 42 Men in Groups: Collective Responsibility for Rape
• I The Rapist as Loner or Demon
• II The Rapist as Victim of Biology
• III The Rapist as Victim of Society
• IV The Rapist as Group Member
• V Conclusions
• References
• 43 Ideals of Respect: Identity, Dignity and Disability
• Aims and Methods
• Example: Kristen’s Night Out
• Kinds of Respect
• Objects of Respect: Dignity, Excellence and Status
• Objects of Respect: Identity
• Respecting the Identity of Persons
• Identity Respect as a Moral Ideal
• References
• Conscience, State, and Religion Introduction
• References and Further Reading
• 44 Resolving Conflicts Between Religious Liberty and Other Values
• Introduction: The Affordable Care Act Contraceptive Mandate
• The Contraceptive Mandate and the Free Exercise of Religion
• Non‐Religious Moral Objections to the Contraceptive Mandate
• Conclusion
• 45 Religious Conviction, Parental Authority, and Children’s Interests
• Legal History in the United States
• Cases
• Harms Associated with State Intervention
• Harms Associated with State Inaction
• Warranting Intervention
• Mitigating Harms
• Conclusion
• References
• 46 Gay Rights and Religious Accommodations
• I Economic Harm
• II Dignitary Harm
• III Stigmatizing Prejudice
• 47 Conscientious Objection in Health Care
• Introduction
• What is Conscientious Objection?
• Assessing Approaches to Conscientious Objection in Health Care
• Conscientious Objection vs. Obstruction
• Conclusion
• 48 My Conscience May Be My Guide, But You May Not Need to Honor It
• Clarifying and Focusing the Options
• Two Questions
• When Should Someone Act on His or Her Conscience?
• What Should Other’s Reactions to these Claimants Be?
• Policy Choices
• Accommodation without Rights
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• Legal Cases
• References
• Part IV: Justice
• Punishment
• Further Reading
• 49 Punishment and Desert
• Treating People as They Deserve
• Why People Should Be Treated as They Deserve
• Punishment
• 50 Does Punishment Work?
• Introduction
• The Great Punishment Experiment
• Justifications for Punishment
• Deterrence
• Incapacitation
• Just Deserts and Retribution
• Rehabilitation
• What Does it Take for Punishment to be Effective?
• Life‐Course Development of Offending: Why Punishment Most Often Fails
• Putting it All Together: Empirical Evidence for the Justifications of Punishment
• References
• 51 In Defense of the Death Penalty
• The Retributivist Argument
• The Utilitarian Argument
• Objections to Capital Punishment
• Conclusion
• 52 Against the Death Penalty
• I
• II
• III
• IV
• 53 Just Deserts in Unjust Societies: A Case‐Specific Approach
• Socioeconomic Deprivation, Crime, and Injustice
• Socioeconomic Injustice and Blameworthiness
• A Case‐Specific Approach to Assessing Blameworthiness
• Conclusion
• 54 To Protect and Serve: What is Wrong with the Policing of Minorities in the US?
• I Introduction
• II The Background
• III Steps Forward
• IV Conclusion
• Acknowledgments
• Economic Justice
• Further Reading
• 55 A Theory of Justice
• The Main Idea of the Theory of Justice
• The Original Position and Justification
• Two Principles of Justice
• The Reasoning Leading to the Two Principles of Justice
• 56 The Entitlement Theory of Justice
• Historical Principles and End‐Result Principles
• Patterning
• How Liberty Upsets Patterns
• Redistribution and Property Rights
• 57 The Ethical Implications of Benefiting from Injustice
• Introduction
• Persuasion
• Identification
• Specification
• References
• 58 A Bleeding Heart Libertarian View of Inequality
• I Bleeding Heart Libertarianism
• II Markets Bring Inequality But…
• III The Inequality in Our Market System and the Real Problems
• IV Global and Domestic Inequality
• V Government Intervention is the Cause, not the Answer
• Global Justice
• References and Further Reading
• 59 Refugees and the Right to Control Immigration
• The Right to Exclude
• Refugees
• 60 The Case for Open Immigration
• The Problem of Immigration in the Modern World
• In Defense of Free Immigration
• Economic Arguments Against Open Borders
• Nationality and Immigration
• Immigration and Security
• Concluding Reflections
• References
• 61 Famine, Affluence, and Morality
• Postscript
• 62 Famine Relief and the Ideal Moral Code
• Introduction
• A Duty to Prevent Evil?
• Entitlements
• The Concept of a Social Moral Code
• The Ideal Social Moral Code
• Are Rights Part of the Ideal Code?
• Is Just Desert Part of the Ideal Moral Code?
• Conclusion
• 63 Eradicating Systemic Poverty: Brief for a Global Resources Dividend
• I Introduction: Radical Inequality and Our Responsibility
• II Three Grounds of Injustice
• III A Moderate Proposal
• IV The Moral Argument for the Proposed Reform
• V Is the Reform Proposal Realistic?
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• War and Torture
• Just War
• Torture
• Further Reading
• 64 War and Moral Consistency
• The Moral Challenge of War
• The Puzzle of National Defence
• The Morality of Participation in War
• Non‐Combatant Immunity in War
• Conclusion
• 65 Pacifism: Reclaiming the Moral Presumption
• Pacifism: Refusing to Participate in War
• A Pacifist City of Refuge
• The Pacifist Way of Life: More than Rejecting War and Intentional Killing
• Just War and Right Killing: The Open Question
• The Pacifist Moral Vision: Two Constitutive Elements
• Two Types of Pacifism
• Human Life: The Ultimate Basis of Moral Value
• A Response to the Chief Criticism of Pacifism
• Conclusion
• 66 The Justifiability of Humanitarian Intervention
• Humanitarian Intervention in the Perspective of the Charter
• Intervention and the Just War
• Further Questions
• 67 Terrorism and Torture
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Conflict between Utilitarian and Deontological Approaches
• 3 What about Rights?
• 4 Under What Conditions Is Torture Morally Permissible?
• 5 What Forms of Torture Are Permissible?
• 6 Final Remarks
• 68 Unthinking the Ticking Time Bomb
• I
• II
• III
• IV
• V
• VII
• End User License Agreement