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• Cover
• Publisher’s Notice
• Half-title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Preface
• Resources for Instructors and Students
• About the Authors
• List of Chapters and Special Features
• Understanding Science: 20 “How We Know” Panels and a “Why Trust Science?” Web Resource
• Contents
• Chapter 1: Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life
• Unity and Diversity of Cells
• Seeing Cell Structure
• The Tree of Life
• The Eukaryotic Cell
• Studying Model Systems
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 2: Chemical Components of Cells
• Chemical Bonds
• Small Molecules in Cells
• Macromolecules in Cells
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 3: Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis
• The Use of Energy by Cells
• Free Energy and Catalysis
• Activated Carriers and Biosynthesis
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 4: Protein Structure and Function
• The Shape and Structure of Proteins
• How Proteins Work
• How Proteins are Controlled
• How Proteins are Studied
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 5: DNA and Chromosomes
• The Structure of DNA
• The Structure of Eukaryotic Chromosomes
• The Regulation of Chromosome Structure
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 6: DNA Replication and Repair
• DNA Replication
• DNA Repair
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 7: From DNA to Protein: How Cells Read the Genome
• From DNA to RNA
• From RNA to Protein
• RNA and the Origins of Life
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 8: Control of Gene Expression
• An Overview of Gene Expression
• How Transcription is Regulated
• Generating Specialized Cell Types
• Post-Transcriptional Controls
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 9: How Genes and Genomes Evolve
• Generating Genetic Variation
• Reconstructing Life’s Family Tree
• Mobile Genetic Elements and Viruses
• Examining the Human Genome
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 10: Analyzing the Structure and Function of Genes
• Isolating and Cloning DNA Molecules
• Sequencing DNA
• Exploring Gene Function
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 11: Membrane Structure
• The Lipid Bilayer
• Membrane Proteins
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 12: Transport Across Cell Membranes
• Principles of Transmembrane Transport
• Transporters and Their Functions
• Ion Channels and the Membrane Potential
• Ion Channels and Nerve Cell Signaling
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 13: How Cells Obtain Energy from Food
• The Breakdown and Utilization of Sugars and Fats
• Regulation of Metabolism
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 14: Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
• Mitochondria and Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Molecular Mechanisms of Electron Transport and Proton Pumping
• Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis
• The Evolution of Energy-Generating Systems
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 15: Intracellular Compartments and Protein Transport
• Membrane-Enclosed Organelles
• Protein Sorting
• Vesicular Transport
• Secretory Pathways
• Endocytic Pathways
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 16: Cell Signaling
• General Principles of Cell Signaling
• G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
• Enzyme-Coupled Receptors
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 17: Cytoskeleton
• Intermediate Filaments
• Microtubules
• Actin Filaments
• Muscle Contraction
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 18: The Cell Cycle
• Overview of the Cell Cycle
• The Cell-Cycle Control System
• G1 Phase
• S Phase
• M Phase
• Mitosis
• Cytokinesis
• Control of Cell Growth, Cell Division, and Cell Survival
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 19: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
• The Benefits of Sex
• Meiosis and Fertilization
• Mendel and the Laws of Inheritance
• Genetics as an Experimental Tool
• Exploring Human Genetics
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Chapter 20: Cell Communities: Tissues, Stem Cells, and Cancer
• Extracellular Matrix and Connective Tissues
• Epithelial Sheets and Cell Junctions
• Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal
• Cancer
• Essential Concepts
• Key Terms
• Questions
• Answers
• Glossary
• Index