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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Detailed Contents
• Preface
• CHAPTER 1: Ideology
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• The Development of Ideology
• The Source of Ideology
• Ideology Defined
• The Origin of the Term
• Contemporary Definitions
• Ideology and Philosophy
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• CHAPTER 2: The Spectrum of Political Attitudes
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• Understanding the Spectrum
• Change, or Policy Options
• Radical
• Liberal
• Classical and Contemporary Liberalism
• Moderate
• Conservative
• Different Strains of Conservatism
• Reactionary
• Values, or Personal Philosophy
• Motivation
• The Changing Spectrum
• Specific Policies
• Foreign Policy
• Domestic Policy
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• CHAPTER 3: Nationalism
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• The Importance of Nationalism
• Nation and State
• Nation Based on Ethnicity and Culture
• Nation Based on Geography
• Nation Based on Politics
• The State
• The Nation-State
• Theories of the Origin of the State
• The Natural Theory
• The Force Theory
• The Divine Theory
• The Divine Right of Kings Theory
• The Social Contract Theory
• The History of Nationalism
• The Theory of Nationalism
• The Future of Nationalism
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• CHAPTER 4: The Evolution of Democratic Theory
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• The Meaning of Democracy
• The Early History of Democracy
• The Social Contract
• Later Social Contract Philosophers
• Thomas Hobbes
• John Locke
• Natural Law
• Private Property
• The Social Contract
• The Nature and Function of Government
• Jean Jacques Rousseau
• The Community
• The Organic Society
• Economic and Political Systems
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• CHAPTER 5: Liberal Democracy, Capitalism, and Beyond
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• Capitalism
• Capitalism after Smith
• American Capitalism: A Recent History
• The Great Recession
• American Capitalism Today
• Neoclassical Liberal Democratic Theory
• Edmund Burke
• Conservative Philosophy
• Theory of Government
• James Madison
• Madison’s View of Politics
• Madison’s Political System
• Checks and Balances
• Jefferson’s Alternative
• The Emergence of Democratic Socialism
• Utilitarianism and Positivist Law
• Democratic Socialism
• John Stuart Mill
• Thomas Hill Green
• John Dewey
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• CHAPTER 6: The Liberal Democratic Process
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• Processes of Democracy
• Democracy and the Legislative Process
• Direct Democracy
• Republic: Indirect or Representative Democracy
• Pluralism
• Elite Theorism
• Conspiracy Theories
• Systems of Government
• The American System
• Federalism
• The Presidential-Congressional System
• The British System
• Unitary Government
• The Parliamentary-Cabinet System
• Elections
• Electoral Districts
• Political Party Structures
• Representation
• Theories of Representation
• Some Criticisms of Democracy
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• CHAPTER 7: Anarchism
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• Development of Anarchism
• Definition of Anarchism
• Particular Theories of Anarchism
• The Pacifists
• The Revolutionaries
• Individualist Anarchists
• Anarchistic Tendencies in the American Political Character
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• CHAPTER 8: Socialist Theory
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• The Development of Socialism
• Communism and Socialism
• The Components of Socialism
• Ownership of Production
• The Welfare State
• The Socialist Intent
• The History of Socialism
• From the French Revolution to Marx
• Humanitarian Socialism: The Utopians
• Marxism
• Marx and Capitalism
• The Basic Principles of Marxism
• Marxist Theory of Social Structure
• Marxist Historical Theory
• The Dialectic
• Dialectic Materialism
• Marxist Economic Theory
• The Theory of Work
• The Theory of Self-Alienation
• The Labor Theory of Value
• The Theory of Surplus Value
• Marxist Theory of Revolution
• The Marxist Political System
• Internationalism
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• CHAPTER 9: Applied Socialism
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• Socialism after Marx
• Orthodox Marxism
• Revisionism
• Marxism-Leninism
• Theories of Revolution and Revolutionaries
• Imperialism
• Achieving the Utopia
• The Soviet Union and Russia
• Lenin’s and Stalin’s Policies
• Soviet Atrophy
• China
• The Belligerent Stage of the Communist Revolution
• The Ruralization of Chinese Communism
• The Long March
• The Political Stage of the Revolution
• The Re-Revolutionized Revolution
• The Principles of Maoism
• Populism
• Permanent Revolution
• The Mass Line
• The Bourgeoisie
• Guerrilla Warfare
• China After Mao
• Economic Changes
• Social and Cultural Changes
• Political Changes
• Cuba
• The Cuban Revolution
• Cuba After Fidel
• A Ground-Level View of Cuba: the People’s Perspective
• Fidelismo
• The Re-emergence of Socialism
• American Socialism
• Will Socialism Disappear?
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• CHAPTER 10: Fascism and National Socialism
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• The Failure of Democracy and Capitalism
• The Development of Fascism and National Socialism
• Mussolini
• Hitler
• Fascist and Nazi Ideologies
• Irrationalism
• German Mythology
• German Irrationalist Philosophical Tradition
• Racism
• Totalitarianism
• Theory of the State
• Elitism
• The Corporate State
• Imperialism
• Militarism
• Contemporary Fascist and Neo-Nazi Movements
• Right-Wing Extremism in the United States
• Right-Wing Extremist Ideology
• Anti-Government Extremism
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• CHAPTER 11: Ideologies in the Developing World
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• Developing World Defined
• Politics of the Developing World
• Historical Background: Imperialism and Colonialism
• Post-Colonialism and the Rise of Nationalism
• Other Ideological Themes in the Developing World
• Islam and the Developing World
• Islamism
• Other Religions in Developing World Politics
• Terrorism
• Economics of the Developing World
• Population Growth
• Food and Health in the Developing World
• Poverty in the Developing World
• Developing World Democracies and Dictatorships
• Guided Democracies
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• CHAPTER 12: Feminism
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• Feminism
• The History of Feminism
• Feminist Thought
• Reform Feminism
• Revolutionary Feminists
• Separatist Feminists
• Modern Issues in Feminism
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• CHAPTER 13: Environmentalism
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• Environmentalism
• The Environmentalists
• The Greens
• Environmentalist Philosophy
• Questions for Discussion
• Suggestions for Further Reading
• Glossary
• Index