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• PREFACE
• THE NATURE OF THE BOOK
• ORIENTATION
• SPECIAL FEATURES
• ABOUT THE EIGHTH EDITION
• ORGANIZATION
• SUPPLEMENTS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• 1 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
• 1. THE SUBJECT AND SCOPE OF STATISTICS
• 2. STATISTICS IN AID OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
• 3. TWO BASIC CONCEPTS—POPULATION AND SAMPLE
• 4. THE PURPOSEFUL COLLECTION OF DATA
• 5. OBJECTIVES OF STATISTICS
• 2 ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF DATA
• 1. MAIN TYPES OF DATA
• 2. DESCRIBING DATA BY TABLES AND GRAPHS
• 3. MEASURES OF CENTER
• 4. MEASURES OF VARIATION
• 5. CHECKING THE STABILITY OF THE OBSERVATIONS OVER TIME
• 6. MORE ON GRAPHICS
• 3 DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF BIVARIATE DATA
• 1. SUMMARIZATION OF BIVARIATE CATEGORICAL DATA
• 2. A DESIGNED EXPERIMENT FOR MAKING A COMPARISON
• 3. SCATTER DIAGRAM OF BIVARIATE MEASUREMENT DATA
• 4. THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT—A MEASURE OF LINEAR RELATION
• 5. PREDICTION OF ONE VARIABLE FROM ANOTHER (LINEAR REGRESSION)
• 4 PROBABILITY
• 1. PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
• 2. METHODS OF ASSIGNING PROBABILITY
• 3. EVENT OPERATIONS AND TWO LAWS OF PROBABILITY
• 4. CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY AND INDEPENDENCE
• 5. BAYES’ THEOREM
• 6. RANDOM SAMPLING FROM A FINITE POPULATION
• 5 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
• 1 RANDOM VARIABLES
• 2 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
• 3 MEAN (EXPECTED VALUE) AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF A PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
• 4 SUCCESSES AND FAILURES—BERNOULLI TRIALS
• 5 THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
• 6 THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION AND RARE EVENTS
• 6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
• 1. PROBABILITY MODEL FOR A CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
• 2. THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION—ITS GENERAL FEATURES
• 3. THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
• 4. PROBABILITY CALCULATIONS WITH NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS
• 5. THE NORMAL APPROXIMATION TO THE BINOMIAL
• *6. CHECKING THE PLAUSIBILITY OF A NORMAL MODEL
• *7. TRANSFORMING OBSERVATIONS TO ATTAIN NEAR NORMALITY
• 7 VARIATION IN REPEATED SAMPLES—SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
• 1. THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF A STATISTIC
• 2. DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN AND THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
• 8 DRAWING INFERENCES FROM LARGE SAMPLES
• 1. TWO TYPES OF STATISTICAL INFERENCE: ESTIMATION AND TESTING
• 2. POINT ESTIMATION OF A POPULATION MEAN
• 3. CONFIDENCE INTERVAL ESTIMATION OF A POPULATION MEAN
• 4. TESTING HYPOTHESES ABOUT A POPULATION MEAN
• 5. INFERENCES ABOUT A POPULATION PROPORTION
• 9 SMALL SAMPLE INFERENCES FOR NORMAL POPULATIONS
• 1. STUDENT’S t DISTRIBUTION
• 2. INFERENCES ABOUT μ—SMALL SAMPLE SIZE
• 3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TESTS AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
• 4. INFERENCES ABOUT THE STANDARD DEVIATION σ (THE CHI‐SQUARE DISTRIBUTION)
• 5. ROBUSTNESS OF INFERENCE PROCEDURES
• 10 COMPARING TWO TREATMENTS
• 1. TWO DESIGNS: INDEPENDENT SAMPLES AND MATCHED PAIRS SAMPLE
• 2. INFERENCES ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE OF MEANS—INDEPENDENT LARGE SAMPLES
• 3. INFERENCES ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE OF MEANS—INDEPENDENT SMALL SAMPLES FROM NORMAL POPULATIONS
• 4. RANDOMIZATION AND ITS ROLE IN INFERENCE
• 5. MATCHED PAIRS COMPARISONS
• 6. CHOOSING BETWEEN INDEPENDENT SAMPLES AND A MATCHED PAIRS SAMPLE
• 7. COMPARING TWO POPULATION PROPORTIONS
• 11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS I SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
• 1. REGRESSION WITH A SINGLE PREDICTOR
• 2. A STRAIGHT LINE REGRESSION MODEL
• 3. THE METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES
• 4. THE SAMPLING VARIABILITY OF THE LEAST SQUARES ESTIMATORS—TOOLS FOR INFERENCE
• 5. IMPORTANT INFERENCE PROBLEMS
• 6. THE STRENGTH OF A LINEAR RELATION
• 7. REMARKS ABOUT THE STRAIGHT LINE MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
• 12 REGRESSION ANALYSIS II MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION AND OTHER TOPICS
• 1. NONLINEAR RELATIONS AND LINEARIZING TRANSFORMATIONS
• 2. MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
• 3. RESIDUAL PLOTS TO CHECK THE ADEQUACY OF A STATISTICAL MODEL
• 13 ANALYSIS OF CATEGORICAL DATA
• 1. FORMULATING TESTING PROBLEMS CONCERNING CATEGORICAL DATA
• 2. PEARSON’S χ TEST FOR GOODNESS OF FIT
• 3. CONTINGENCY TABLE WITH ONE MARGIN FIXED (TEST OF HOMOGENEITY)
• 4. CONTINGENCY TABLE WITH NEITHER MARGIN FIXED (TEST OF INDEPENDENCE)
• 14 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
• 1. COMPARISON OF SEVERAL TREATMENTS—ONE‐WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
• 2. POPULATION MODEL AND INFERENCES FOR A ONE‐WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
• 3. SIMULTANEOUS CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
• 4. GRAPHICAL DIAGNOSTICS AND DISPLAYS TO SUPPLEMENT ANOVA
• 5. RANDOMIZED BLOCK EXPERIMENTS FOR COMPARING TREATMENTS
• 15 NONPARAMETRIC INFERENCE
• 1. THE WILCOXON RANK‐SUM TEST FOR COMPARING TWO TREATMENTS
• 2. MATCHED PAIRS COMPARISONS
• 3. MEASURE OF CORRELATION BASED ON RANKS
• 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
• APPENDIX A1: SUMMATION NOTATION
• A1.1 SUMMATION AND ITS PROPERTIES
• A1.2 SOME BASIC USES OF Σ IN STATISTICS
• APPENDIX A2: RULES FOR COUNTING
• APPENDIX A3: EXPECTATION AND STANDARD DEVIATION—PROPERTIES
• A3.1 EXPECTED VALUE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF cX + b
• A3.2 ALTERNATIVE FORMULA FOR σ
• A3.3 PROPERTIES OF EXPECTED VALUE FOR TWO RANDOM VARIABLES
• A3.4 PROPERTIES OF EXPECTED VALUE FOR SEVERAL RANDOM VARIABLES
• APPENDIX A4: THE EXPECTED VALUE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF X¯
• APPENDIX B: TABLES
• SUMMARY OF FORMULAS USEFUL FOR EXAMS
• DATA BANK
• INDEX
• END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT