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• Cover
• How to Use This Book
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Origin of Life
• SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
• CONDITIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
• EXPERIMENTAL SEARCH FOR LIFE’S BEGINNINGS
• PROBING SPACE FOR CLUES OF LIFE’S ORIGINS ON EARTH
• PANSPERMIA
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 2 Cell Structure
• MICROSCOPES
• CELLS
• CELL THEORY
• CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL SIZE
• CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEOPLASM
• CELL MEMBRANE
• MOVEMENT THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE
• PLANT CELL WALL
• PLASMODESMATA AND GAP JUNCTIONS
• CELLS’ INTERNAL STRUCTURES
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 3 Cell Division
• CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
• MITOSIS
• SEX AND SEXUALITY
• MEIOSIS
• MEIOSIS I
• MEIOSIS II
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 4 Reproduction
• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• ALTERNATION OF GENERATION
• HUMAN REPRODUCTION
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 5 Cellular Respiration
• GLYCOLYSIS
• ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION
• AEROBIC RESPIRATION
• CYTOCHROME SYSTEM
• RESPIRATION OF FATS AND PROTEINS
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 6 Photosynthesis
• HISTORY
• PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
• PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHS
• NUTRIENTS
• CHLOROPLASTS
• CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS
• LIGHT ABSORPTION
• PASSING THE ELECTRONS
• NONCYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
• CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
• CARBON FIXATION AND CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS
• LEAVES
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 7 Homeostasis
• FLUID ENVIRONMENT OF THE EARLIEST CELLS
• PLANT CELLS VS. ANIMAL CELLS
• INVERTEBRATE EXCRETION
• OTHER OSMOREGULATORY PROBLEMS
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 8 Hormones
• PLANT HORMONES
• AUXINS
• GIBBERELLINS
• CYTOKININS AND INHIBITORS
• ETHYLENE
• PHOTOPERIODISM
• ANIMAL HORMONES
• DIGESTION (GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT)
• HISTAMINE
• PANCREAS
• ADRENALS AND KIDNEYS
• THYROID
• PARATHYROIDS
• THYMUS
• PITUITARY
• HYPOTHALAMUS
• OVARIES
• TESTES
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 9 The Brain and the Nervous System
• THE BRAIN
• MEMBRANES COVERING THE BRAIN
• THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN AND ITS EVOLUTION
• THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• EVOLUTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• NEURONS
• NERVOUS IMPULSE
• SYNAPSE AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS
• REFLEX ARCS
• ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 10 Bones and Muscles
• BONES
• MUSCLES
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• SLIDING-FILAMENT THEORY
• EXOSKELETON
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 11 Internal Transport: Plants and Invertebrates
• ORGANISMS WITHOUT INTERNAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
• TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
• STEMS
• CONDUCTING TISSUES IN PLANTS
• ROOTS
• MOVEMENT OF INORGANIC SOLUTES
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 12 Circulatory System
• INSECTS: OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
• INSECT BLOOD
• CIRCULATION IN VERTEBRATES
• CAPILLARIES
• LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 13 Blood
• ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS)
• BLOOD TYPES
• Rh
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
• BLOOD TEST
• PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
• IONS, SALTS, AND PROTEINS IN THE BLOOD
• HEARTBEAT
• BLOOD PRESSURE
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 14 Nutrition
• PROTEINS
• CARBON
• FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
• CARBOHYDRATES
• SIMPLE SUGARS
• DIGESTION
• ISOMERS
• LIPIDS
• VITAMINS
• MINERALS
• FIBER
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 15 Ecology
• HABITAT AND NICHE
• POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
• POPULATION GROWTH
• SPECIES DIVERSITY
• SPECIES TURNOVER, RECRUITMENT, AND INTRODUCED SPECIES
• COMPETITION
• DENSITY
• CARRYING CAPACITY
• SUCCESSION
• REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY
• ECOSYSTEMS
• BIOMES
• MARINE COMMUNITIES
• MINERAL NUTRIENT CYCLES
• BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY
• CAMOUFLAGE
• MIMICRY
• WATER TREATMENT, RECYCLING, AND COMPOSTING
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 16 Viruses and Subviruses
• VIRUSES
• SUBVIRUSES
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 17 Monera
• PROKARYOTIC DNA
• REPRODUCTION
• SPORES
• HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA
• CHEMOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA
• NITROGEN FIXATION
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 18 Protista
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 19 Fungi
• OOMYCOTA: WATER MOLDS
• ZYGOMYCOTA
• ASCOMYCOTA: SAC FUNGI
• BASIDIOMYCOTA: CLUB FUNGI
• IMPERFECT FUNGI
• MYCORRHIZAE
• LICHENS
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 20 Plant Kingdom: Plantae
• MOVE TO LAND
• BRYOPHYTA: MOSSES, LIVERWORTS, AND HORNWORTS
• VASCULAR PLANTS
• PSILOPHYTA
• LYCOPHYTA: CLUB MOSSES
• SPHENOPHYTA: HORSETAILS
• PTEROPHYTA: FERNS
• GYMNOSPERMS
• CYCADOPHYTA
• GINKGOPHYTA
• CONIFEROPHYTA: CONIFERS
• ANTHOPHYTA/ANGIOSPERMS: FLOWERING PLANTS
• TYPICAL FLOWER
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• 21 Animal Kingdom: Animalia
• LOWER INVERTEBRATES
• HIGHER INVERTEBRATES
• CHORDATA
• KEY TERMS
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS
• Glossary
• Index
• End User License Agreement