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• Cover Image
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Foreword
• Preface
• Contributors
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. The Role of Atmospheric Gases in Global Warming
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Origin of the Greenhouse Effect: ‘Primary’ and ‘Secondary’ Effects
• 3. The Physical Chemistry Properties of Greenhouse Gases
• 4. The Lifetime of a Greenhouse Gas in the Earth’s Atmosphere
• 5. General Comments on Long-Lived Greenhouse Gases
• 6. Conclusion
• Chapter 2. The Role of Widespread Surface Solar Radiation Trends in Climate Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Solar Radiation and its Measurement
• 3. Trends in Surface Solar Radiation or Global Dimming and Brightening
• 4. The Causes of Dimming and Brightening
• 5. The Influence of Solar Radiation Changes (Dimming and Brightening) on Climate
• 6. Conclusions
• Chapter 3. The Role of Space Weather and Cosmic Ray Effects in Climate Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Solar Activity, Cosmic Rays and Climate Change
• 3. The Influence on the Earth’s Climate of the Solar System Moving Around the Galactic Centre and Crossing Galaxy Arms
• 4. The Influence of Molecular-dust Galactic Clouds on the Earth’s Climate
• 5. The Influence of Interplanetary Dust Sources on the Earth’s Climate
• 6. Space Factors and Global Warming
• 7. The Influence of Asteroids on the Earth’s Climate
• 8. The Influence of Nearby Supernova on the Earth’s Climate
• 9. Discussion and Conclusions
• Chapter 4. The Role of Volcanic Activity in Climate and Global Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Aerosol Loading, Spatial Distribution and Radiative Effect
• 3. Volcanoes and Climate
• 4. Summary
• Chapter 5. The Role of Variations of the Earth’s Orbital Characteristics in Climate Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Astronomical Parameters
• 3. Orbital-Induced Climate Change
• 4. Conclusion
• Chapter 6. A Geological History of Climate Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Climate Models
• 3. Long-Term Climate Trends
• 4. Early Climate History
• 5. Phanerozoic Glaciations
• 6. The Mesozoic–Early Cenozoic Greenhouse
• 7. Development of the Quaternary Icehouse
• 8. Astronomical Modulation of Climate
• 9. Milankovitch Cyclicity in Quaternary (Pleistocene) Climate History
• 10. Quaternary Sub-Milankovitch Cyclicity
• 11. The Holocene
• 12. Climate of the Anthropocene
• 13. Conclusions
• Chapter 7. Changes in the Atmospheric Circulation as Indicator of Climate Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The General Circulation of the Atmosphere
• 3. The Poleward Expansion of the Tropical Circulation
• 4. The Decreasing Intensity of the Tropical Circulation
• 5. Emerging Mechanisms
• 6. Connection to Extratropical Circulation Change
• 7. Outstanding Problems and Conclusions
• Chapter 8. Weather Pattern Changes in the Tropics and Mid-Latitudes as an Indicator of Global Changes
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Observed Changes in Extra-Tropical Patterns
• 3. Changes in Tropical Patterns
• 4. Conclusion
• Chapter 9. Bird Ecology as an Indicator of Climate and Global Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Indicators of Change
• 3. Conclusion
• Chapter 10. Mammal Ecology as an Indicator of Climate Change
• 1. Introduction: A Primer on Mammal Thermoregulation and Climate Impacts
• 2. Demonstrated Impacts of Climate Change on Mammals
• 3. Linking Time and Space in Mammal Climate Responses
• Chapter 11. Climate Change and Temporal and Spatial Mismatches in Insect Communities
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Direct Effects of Climate Change on Insects
• 3. Host Plant-Mediated Effects on Insects
• 4. Predator-Mediated Effects on Insect Populations
• 5. Climate Change and Insect Pests
• 6. Conclusion
• Chapter 12. Sea Life (Pelagic and Planktonic Ecosystems) as an Indicator of Climate and Global Change
• 1. Pelagic and Planktonic Ecosystems
• 2. Observed Impacts on Pelagic and Planktonic Ecosystems
• 3. Conclusion and Summary of Key Indicators
• Chapter 13. Changes in Coral Reef Ecosystems as an Indicator of Climate and Global Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Tropical Coral Reef Ecosystems
• 3. The Associated Fauna of Coral Reefs
• 4. Conclusion
• Chapter 14. Changes in Marine Biodiversity as an Indicator of Climate Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Climate Change and the Oceans
• 3. Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity
• 4. Cumulative Impacts and Indirect Effects of Climate Change
• 5. Biodiversity as Insurance against Climate Change Impacts
• 6. Conclusions
• Chapter 15. Intertidal Indicators of Climate and Global Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Climate Change and Biogeography
• 3. Mechanisms
• 4. Additional impacts of Global Change
• 5. Conclusions
• Chapter 16. Plant Ecology as an Indicator of Climate and Global Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Changes in Phenology
• 3. Changes in Distribution
• 4. Community Composition
• 5. Plant Growth
• 6. Conclusions
• Chapter 17. The Impact of Climate and Global Change on Crop Production
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Impact on Plant Growth and Reproduction
• 3. Scale of the Problems
• 4. Climate Change Models
• 5. Winners and Losers
• 6. Adaptation
• Chapter 18. Rising Sea Levels as an Indicator of Global Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Is Sea Level Rising?
• 3. Why Is Sea Level Rising?
• 4. Are Contemporary Rates of Sea-Level Rise Unusual?
• 5. Conclusion
• Chapter 19. Sea Temperature Change as an Indicator of Global Change
• 1. Introduction: Role of Ocean, Mechanisms and Correction of Bias
• 2. Long-term Trends in Sea Temperature: The Historical Context
• 3. Global and Regional Patterns of Sea Temperature over the Last 100–150 Years
• 4. Conclusion: Anthropogenic Influence
• Chapter 20. Ocean Current Changes as an Indicator of Global Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The Variable Ocean
• 3. Oceanographers’ Tools
• 4. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
• 5. The AMOC’s Role in Heat Transport, Oceanic Uptake of Carbon and Ventilation of the Deep Ocean
• 6. Can We Detect Changes in the AMOC? Is the AMOC Changing Already?
• 7. Conclusion
• Chapter 21. Ocean Acidification as an Indicator for Climate Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Evidence from Observations
• 3. Model Predictions of Future Change
• 4. Impacts
• 5. Biogeochemical Cycling and Feedback to Climate
• 6. Adaptation, Recovery and Mitigation
• 7. Conclusion
• Chapter 22. Ice Sheets
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Sea-Level and Ice
• 3. How Ice Sheets Work
• 4. Summary
• Chapter 23. Lichens as an Indicator of Climate and Global Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Predicted Effects
• 3. Observed Effects
• 4. Uncertain Effects
• 5. Habitats with Vulnerable Lichens
• 6. Conclusion
• Chapter 24. Coastline Degradation as an Indicator of Global Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Systems
• 3. Climate Change and Global/Relative Sea-Level Rise
• 4. Increasing Human Utilisation of the Coastal Zone
• 5. Climate Change, Sea-Level Rise and Resulting Impacts
• 6. Recent Impacts of Sea-Level Rise and Climate Change
• 7. Global Warming and Coasts at Latitudinal Extremes
• 8. The Challenge to Understand Contemporary Impacts
• 9. Concluding Remarks
• Chapter 25. Plant Pathogens as Indicators of Climate Change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Climatic Variables and Plant Disease
• 3. Evidence that Simulated Climate Change Affects Plant Disease in Experiments
• 4. Evidence that Plant Disease Patterns have Changed due to Climate Change
• Index