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• Instructions for online access
• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Preface
• List of Contributors
• 1. Pathogenesis of Pulp and Periapical Diseases
• Histology and Physiology of Normal Dental Pulp
• Etiology of Pulpal and Periapical Diseases
• Microbiology of Root Canal Infections
• Endodontic Infections Are Biofilm Infections
• The Microbiome of Endodontic Infections
• Pulpal Diseases
• Normal Pulp
• Reversible Pulpitis
• Irreversible Pulpitis
• Pulp Necrosis
• Clinical Classification of Periapical (Apical) Conditions
• Nonendodontic Pathosis
• 2. Systemic Health Considerations in the Endodontic Patient and Geriatric Endodontics
• Health and Medical History
• The Systemic Health Assessment of the Endodontic Patient
• Physical Examination: Vital Signs
• Systemic Considerations
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Hypertension
• Risk for Osteoradionecrosis or Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
• Viral Infections
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Smoking
• Genetic Predisposition
• Presentation of Endodontic Disease in the Older Adults
• Anatomy
• Pulp Response
• Root Canal Treatment
• Healing After Surgery
• Identifying Patients for Referral
• 3. Endodontic Radiology
• Prologue
• Introduction
• Radiation Biology
• Equipment for 2D Image Capture
• Techniques for Intraoral Image Capture
• Endodontic Imaging Needs
• Cone Beam Computed Tomography
• 4. Endodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
• Introduction
• Examination
• Pulpal Lesions
• Diagnosis
• Treatment Planning
• 5. Differential Diagnosis of Pains and Radiolucencies of Nonpulpal Origin
• Introduction
• Pains of Nonpulpal Origin
• Radiolucencies of Nonpulpal Origin
• Normal Anatomic Structures and Developmental Entities
• Odontogenic and Nonodontogenic Cyst, Tumors, and Related Entities
• Dentigerous Cyst and Pericoronal Radiolucencies
• Differential Diagnosis of a Soft Tissue Mass, With or Without Opacity Obstructing the Eruption of a Permanent Tooth
• Central Giant Cell Lesion
• Osseous Pathology
• Hematolymphoid Conditions, Malignancies, and Related Disorders
• 6. Endodontic Case Complexity and Working with the Specialist
• Introduction
• Advanced Dental Education Programs in Endodontics
• Communication Between Endodontists and General Dentists
• What is Expected of a General Practitioner
• What is Expected of an Endodontist
• Standard of Care and Endodontic Case Documentation
• Case Difficulty Assessment—When to Treat and When to Refer
• Patient Considerations
• Diagnostic and Treatment Considerations
• Referral During Treatment
• Referral After Treatment
• Summary
• 7. Endodontic Armamentarium
• Introduction
• Examination and Diagnosis
• Magnification
• Isolation
• Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment
• Instrumentation Armamentarium
• Coronal Seal
• Surgical Armamentarium
• 8. Local Anesthesia
• Factors Affecting Endodontic Anesthesia
• Initial Management
• Conventional Pulpal Anesthesia for Restorative Dentistry
• Mandibular Anesthesia for Restorative Dentistry
• Maxillary Anesthesia for Restorative Dentistry
• Supplemental Anesthesia for Restorative Dentistry in the Mandible and Maxilla
• Anesthesia Difficulties in Endodontics
• Supplemental Techniques for Mandibular Teeth in Endodontics
• Anesthetic Management of Pulpal or Periapical Pathoses
• Anesthesia for Surgical Procedures
• 9. Endodontic Emergencies and Therapeutics
• Introduction
• Definition
• Categories
• The Challenge
• Pain Perception and Pain Reaction
• System of Diagnosis
• Pulp Vitality Tests
• Periapical Tests
• Treatment Planning
• Interappointment Emergencies
• Postobturation Emergencies
• 10. Management of the Vital Pulp and of Immature Teeth
• The Dentin-Pulp Complex
• Etiologic Factors of the Dentin-Pulp Complex Injury
• Vital Pulp Therapy
• Capping Procedures
• Treatment of Immature Teeth with Pulp Necrosis
• Conclusions
• 11. Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries
• Examination and Diagnosis
• Medical History
• Clinical Examination
• Teeth and Supporting Structures
• Importance of Cone Beam Computed Tomographic Analysis in Trauma
• Injuries to the Hard Dental Tissues and the Pulp
• Injuries to the Periodontium
• Patient Instructions
• Management of Traumatic Injuries in the Primary Dentition
• Prevention
• 12. Root Canal Anatomy
• Introduction
• Root Canal Components and Morphology
• Root Canal Configuration Systems
• Root Canal Anomalies and Embryologic Malformations
• Root Canal Anatomy of Maxillary and Mandibular Teeth
• Influence of Root Canal Anatomy in Endodontic Procedures
• Clinical Outcome Remarks
• Conclusions
• 13. Isolation, Endodontic Access, and Length Determination
• Rubber Dam Isolation
• Access Openings
• Access Openings and Canal Location
• Errors in Access
• Length Determination
• 14. Cleaning and Shaping
• Principles of Cleaning and Shaping
• Apical Canal Preparation
• Pretreatment Evaluation
• Principles of Cleaning and Shaping Techniques
• Smear Layer Management
• Irrigants
• Lubricants
• Preparation Errors
• Preparation Techniques
• Criteria for Evaluating Cleaning and Shaping
• Intracanal Medicaments
• 15. Obturation and Temporization
• Objectives of Obturation
• When to Obturate
• Obturation Materials
• Sealers
• Obturation Techniques with Gutta-Percha
• Evaluation of Obturation
• Temporization
• 16. Restoration of Endodontically Treated Teeth
• Criteria for a Restorable Tooth
• Complications Associated with Endodontically Treated Teeth
• Structural, Esthetic, and Restorative Considerations
• Coronal Seal
• Restoration Timing
• Restoration Design
• Posts
• Restoring Access Through an Existing Restoration
• 17. Bleaching Discolored Nonvital Teeth
• Causes of Discoloration
• Endodontically Related Discolorations
• Bleaching Materials
• Mechanism of Tooth Bleaching
• Internal (Nonvital) Bleaching Techniques
• Complications and Safety
• Intrinsic Discolorations
• Extrinsic Discolorations
• When and What to Refer
• 18. Procedural Accidents
• Introduction
• Perforations During Access Cavity Preparation
• Accidents During Cleaning and Shaping
• Accidents During Obturation
• Accidents During Post Space Preparation
• 19. Nonsurgical Retreatment
• Introduction
• Causes of Nonhealing of Initial Root Canal Treatment
• Diagnosis and Retreatment Options
• Risks and Benefits of Retreatment
• Prognosis
• Acknowledgment
• 20. Apical Microsurgery
• A Brief History
• Indications for Apical Surgery
• Failing Root Canal Treatments
• Procedural Accidents
• Irretrievable Filling Materials
• Anatomic Complexity of the Root Canal System
• Symptomatic Cases
• Apical Preparation
• 21. Adjunctive Procedures
• Introduction
• Incision for Drainage
• Root Resection
• Hemisection
• Crown Lengthening
• Root Extrusion
• Tooth Replantation
• Transplantation
• Guided Tissue Regeneration and Guided Bone Regeneration in Endodontics
• Socket Preservation
• 22. Endodontic Treatment Outcomes
• Introduction
• Definitions of Success and Failure
• When to Evaluate
• Methods for Evaluation of Endodontic Outcomes
• Success Rates
• Survival Rates
• Patient-Based Outcomes
• Postoperative Complications
• Prognostic Indicators
• Causes of Nonhealed, Failed Root Canal Treatment
• Outcomes of Treatments After Failure of Initial Nonsurgical Endodontics
• Reasons for Extraction of Endodontically Treated Teeth
• Appendix 1. Summary Table of the Root Numbers of the Permanent Maxillary Teeth
• Appendix 2. Summary Table of the Root Canal Systems of the Permanent Maxillary Teeth
• Appendix 3. Summary Table of the Root Numbers of the Permanent Mandibular Teeth
• Appendix 4. Summary Table of the Root Canal Systems of the Permanent Mandibular Teeth
• Index