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• Author biography
• Title
• Copyright
• Brief contents
• Full contents
• Illustrations and Features
• About the Author
• Key Statistics
• Preface to the Third Edition
• Acknowledgements and Photo Credits
• Tour of the Book
• Acronyms and Abbreviations
• Introduction
• Part 1 History and Ideas
• 1 Understanding Integration
• States and nations
• International organizations
• From federalism to functionalism
• Neofunctionalism and integrative potential
• The spotlight moves to governments
• 2 What is the European Union?
• Where to start?
• The comparative approach
• The EU as a political system
• The EU as a federal system
• The EU as a confederal system
• 3 Who are the Europeans?
• Where is Europe?
• What is a European?
• The idea of European citizenship
• Identifying with Europe
• Europe’s changing demography
• 4 First Steps (1944–58)
• Europe before the Second World War
• The troubled state of post-war Europe
• Rebuilding economies (1944–51)
• Addressing external threats (1946–49)
• The Council of Europe (1946–50)
• The European Coal and Steel Community (1950–52)
• Internal and external shocks (1950–56)
• The European Economic Community (1955–58)
• 5 Building the Community (1958–95)
• Teething troubles: The nervous 1960s
• Enlargement arrives on the agenda (1960–86)
• Exploring monetary union (1969–92)
• The Single European Act (1983–92)
• International developments: The end of the Cold War (1989–95)
• 6 From Community to Union (1989–2005)
• More economic and political integration (1989–90)
• The spotlight shifts to Maastricht (1990–93)
• More enlargement (1990–95)
• The backlash against Europe
• From Amsterdam to Nice (1996–2003)
• Arrival of the euro (1995–2002)
• Shockwaves from Iraq (2003–07)
• 7 Crisis and Opportunity (2004–present)
• The EU looks east (1994–2013)
• The failed constitutional treaty (2001–05)
• The Treaty of Lisbon (2007–09)
• Crisis in the euro zone (2007–12)
• The perfect storm: Immigration, populism and Brexit
• 8 The Treaties
• Comparing constitutions and treaties
• Understanding the treaties
• The treaty-building epic
• Lisbon and beyond
• Other elements of the EU legal order
• 9 The Member States
• The legal position of the member states
• The place of the member states
• The membership process
• Prospects for future enlargement
• Part 2 Politics and Governance
• 10 The European Commission
• Comparing executives
• How the Commission evolved
• Leadership: The president
• The College of Commissioners
• Supporting structure
• Directorates-general and services
• Committees
• Secretariat-General
• What the Commission does
• Powers of initiation
• Powers of implementation
• Managing EU finances
• External relations
• 11 The Council of Ministers
• Comparing legislative functions
• How the Councils evolved
• Leadership: The presidency
• The Councils
• Supporting structure
• Permanent representatives
• Working parties and committees
• General Secretariat
• What the Council does
• 12 The European Parliament
• Comparing legislatures
• How Parliament evolved
• Leadership: The president
• Members of the European Parliament
• Supporting structure
• Parliamentary committees
• Rapporteurs
• Secretariat
• What Parliament does
• Powers over legislation
• Powers over the budget
• Powers over other institutions
• 13 The European Council
• Comparing summitry
• How the Council evolved
• Leadership: The president
• Members of the Council
• Supporting structure
• What the Council does
• Making strategic decisions
• Making appointments
• 14 The European Court of Justice
• Comparing constitutional courts
• How the Court evolved
• Leadership: The president
• Judges of the Court
• Supporting structure
• The advocates-general
• The General Court
• What the Court does
• Preliminary rulings
• Direct actions
• Appeals and other cases
• The European Court of Human Rights
• 15 Specialized Agencies
• The expanding world of EU agencies
• Financial bodies
• European Central Bank
• European Investment Bank
• The new financial institutions
• Decentralized and executive agencies
• Decentralized agencies
• Executive agencies
• Europol and Eurojust
• Advisory bodies
• Other institutions
• European Court of Auditors
• Eurocorps
• European Space Agency
• 16 Parties and Interest Groups
• Comparing political parties
• Political groups: Rules and trends
• The range of European political groups
• European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL)
• Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&D)
• Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA)
• Renew Europe (RN)
• European People’s Party (EPP)
• Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists (ACRE)
• Eurosceptic and nationalist groups
• Non-attached members (NI)
• Interest groups
• The political effect of interest groups
• 17 Elections and Referendums
• Comparing elections
• European elections
• Voter turnout
• National referendums
• Membership of the EEC/EU or the euro
• Adoption of a new treaty
• The pros and cons of referendums
• 18 Public Opinion
• Comparing attitudes towards European integration
• Understanding Euroscepticism
• The knowledge deficit
• Does the knowledge deficit matter?
• What Europeans have in common
• Part 3 Policies
• 19 Public Policy
• Comparing public policy
• The policy cycle
• Agenda-setting
• Formulation
• Adoption
• Legitimation
• Implementation
• Evaluation
• The features of EU policy
• Compromise and bargaining
• Political games
• Incrementalism
• Differentiated integration
• Elitism and the democratic deficit
• The budget
• 20 Economic Policy
• The dominating role of economic policy
• The single market
• Binding the single market
• The rise of corporate Europe
• Competition policy
• Restrictive practices
• Mergers
• State aid
• 21 Inside the Euro Zone
• Comparing monetary policy
• The origins of the euro
• Growing pains of the euro
• The crisis in the euro zone
• The euro as a global currency
• 22 Cohesion Policy
• Comparing economic equality
• The structural and investment funds
• Social policy
• Education policy
• 23 Agriculture and Fisheries
• Comparing agricultural policy
• The Common Agricultural Policy
• Food safety
• Agriculture and the environment
• Fisheries policy
• 24 Environmental Policy
• Comparing environmental policy
• The shaping of environmental policy
• Climate change
• Energy policy
• 25 Justice and Home Affairs
• Cooperating on home affairs
• Migration
• Authorized migration
• Unauthorized migration
• Evolving policies on asylum
• The struggle against terrorism
• 26 The EU as a Global Actor
• Understanding the global system
• The EU: Normative and liberal?
• Foreign policy
• Security and defence policy
• Trade policy
• 27 The EU and the World
• The EU and the United States
• Looking to the neighbourhood
• The EU and China: Uneasy new discoveries
• The EU and development cooperation
• Conclusions
• Bibliography
• Index