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• Cover
• Half Title
• Series Information
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• 1 The development of health psychology
• Introduction
• Historical approaches to health: a biomedical model of health and illness
• Introduction to the biomedical model
• Challenging the biomedical view of health
• What is health?
• What is health psychology?
• Why do we need health psychology?
• Health in the twenty-first century: the role of lifestyle on population health
• Health policy: the role of government action for lifestyle change
• Health psychology today, where are we now?
• Research methods in health psychology
• Qualitative studies
• Quantitative studies
• Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
• Careers in health psychology
• What do health psychologists do and where do they work?
• How to become a health psychologist
• Stage one
• Stage two
• What can you expect to earn as a health psychologist?
• Interested in health psychology, now what?
• Final overview and summary
• References
• 2 A bio/psycho/social approach to health and wellbeing
• Chapter overview
• A biopsychosocial approach to health and wellbeing
• The biopsychosocial approach
• Pain
• Biological factors
• Transduction
• Transmission
• Modulation
• Psychological factors
• The Gate Control Theory (GCT)
• Anxiety
• Learning
• Cognition
• Treatment for pain (see Table 2.2)
• Why does pain relief stop working as well?
• What can health psychologists do to improve pain?
• What about alternative therapies?
• Brief summary of pain
• Diabetes
• What is diabetes?
• The endocrine system
• It is a disease of lifestyle!
• What is the role of the health psychologist in understanding Type 2 diabetes?
• Using a biopsychosocial approach in understanding the aetiology of Type 2 DM
• Examples of biological factors
• Examples of psychological factors
• Evidence
• Why might wholegrains be beneficial?
• Is it just about eating wholegrains?
• What about exercise?
• Can personality influence onset?
• What is conscientiousness?
• What is the relationship between conscientiousness and Type 2 diabetes?
• Social and environmental factors
• The obesogenic environment
• What about culture?
• The digestive system and obesity
• The digestive system
• So why do we need to eat?
• So what is the right amount of food?
• What is a calorie?
• Obesity
• So why do people become obese?
• Biological factors
• So what other biological factors affect eating behaviour?
• Leptin
• Ghrelin
• Neuropetide Y
• Psychological factors
• Conditioning
• Stress and eating behaviour
• Activity
• Social factors
• Summary
• Autoimmune diseases
• The immune system
• Simplified overview of the innate system
• Simplified overview of the specific system
• Genes
• Gender
• Psychological factors
• Social factors
• So what can we conclude?
• Chapter summary
• References
• 3 Attitudes, beliefs and behaviour: Models of health behaviour change
• Introduction
• Introduction to social cognition models
• Social Cognitive Theory
• We do what we see: the historical development of the Social Cognitive Theory
• Overview of the Social Cognitive Theory
• Core process 1: outcome expectancies
• Self-efficacy ‘the belief that we are capable’
• Core process 2: socio-structural factors
• Core process 3: goal setting
• Summary and future directions
• Health Belief Model
• Summary and future directions
• Protection Motivation Theory
• Summary and future directions
• Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behaviour
• The development of the theory of planned behaviour
• Summary and future directions
• Stage models of change
• Stages of change ‘When you change’
• 1. Processes of change
• 2. Self-efficacy
• 3. Decisional balance
• Summary and future directions
• Final overview and summary
• References
• 4 Health behaviours of children and adolescents
• Introduction
• Children’s health in context
• Why is childhood so important for future health?
• Methods of research in children and adolescents
• Why is eating behaviour in children important?
• Understanding eating behaviour
• Biological factors
• Psychosocial factors
• Early years and the role of learning
• A focus on interventions
• So with this in mind what can be done to tackle obesity on a wider scale?
• A biopsychosocial approach to understanding risk behaviour
• Biological
• Psychosocial factors
• Why are friends so important?
• The influence of parents/carers
• Intervening in risky behaviours
• Alcohol use in adolescents
• 1. What is the problem?
• 2. What influences alcohol use in adolescence?
• Biological factors
• Influence of others
• Positive expectancies
• Parental influence
• Affect and personality factors
• 3. Choosing theory appropriate to the needs of the target group
• The need for a dual processing approach in predicting adolescent behaviour
• What is the dual processing approach?
• How do children and adolescents differ from adults?
• The Prototype Willingness Model
• Summary of chapter
• References
• 5 Stress
• Chapter overview
• Introduction
• What is stress?
• Models of stress
• Fight or flight
• What happens in the body during the fight or flight response?
• Biological Model of Stress – Seyle’s General Adaption Syndrome
• Transactional Theory of Stress
• Is it stress?
• Is there a link between stress and health?
• The role of daily hassles
• Allostatic load
• How might stress be linked to ill health?
• The potential direct route between stress and illness
• Stress reactivity
• Psychoneuroimmunology/psychoneuroendocrinology
• The brief overview of the immune system
• The potential pathways between stress and the immune system
• What moderates the relationship between stress and illness?
• Coping
• Why are some people more resilient to stress than others?
• Social support
• How do we measure stress?
• Stress management
• Biofeedback
• Emotional expression relaxation, guided imagery and music
• Mindfulness
• Exercise
• Chapter summary
• References
• 6 Adjusting to chronic illness
• Chapter overview
• Introduction
• What are chronic illnesses?
• The consequences of living with a chronic illness
• Coping requires major lifestyle changes
• Impact of chronic illness on family
• Quality of life
• Mindfulness and gratitude
• Social support
• Self-management
• Education based interventions or psychological interventions?
• Cardiac rehabilitation
• Diabetes self-management
• Carbtoxicity and low carbohydrate diets in type 2
• So what has happened since?
• What are the implications?
• What about exercise?
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Interventions
• Mindfulness
• Summary of the chapter
• References
• 7 Health psychology in healthcare settings
• Introduction
• Communication in healthcare settings
• What is the doctor-patient relationship?
• What is the impact of a good doctor-patient relationship?
• The medical consultation
• Factors that influence the medical consultation
• Healthcare professional related factors
• Patient related factors
• Patient and healthcare professional factors
• Situational factors
• What makes a good or bad medical consultation?
• Shared decision making
• Summary
• Concordance, adherence and compliance
• What is adherence?
• What psychological factors predict adherence?
• The Perceptions and Practicalities Approach (PAPA)
• Improving adherence: considerations and future directions
• Impact of hospitalisation and stressful procedures
• What is a hospital?
• The patients’ role
• The good versus bad patient
• Factors affecting adjustment to hospital
• Children in hospital
• How can we better support patients including children in hospital settings?
• Summary
• Final overview and summary
• References
• Glossary
• Index