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• Preface
• Conventions Used in This Book
• Example Code
• O’Reilly Online Learning
• How to Contact Us
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction to JavaScript
• 1.1 Exploring JavaScript
• 1.2 Hello World
• 1.3 A Tour of JavaScript
• 1.4 Example: Character Frequency Histograms
• 1.5 Summary
• Lexical Structure
• 2.1 The Text of a JavaScript Program
• 2.2 Comments
• 2.3 Literals
• 2.4 Identifiers and Reserved Words
• 2.4.1 Reserved Words
• 2.5 Unicode
• 2.5.1 Unicode Escape Sequences
• 2.5.2 Unicode Normalization
• 2.6 Optional Semicolons
• 2.7 Summary
• Types, Values, and Variables
• 3.1 Overview and Definitions
• 3.2 Numbers
• 3.2.1 Integer Literals
• 3.2.2 Floating-Point Literals
• 3.2.3 Arithmetic in JavaScript
• 3.2.4 Binary Floating-Point and Rounding Errors
• 3.2.5 Arbitrary Precision Integers with BigInt
• 3.2.6 Dates and Times
• 3.3 Text
• 3.3.1 String Literals
• 3.3.2 Escape Sequences in String Literals
• 3.3.3 Working with Strings
• 3.3.4 Template Literals
• 3.3.5 Pattern Matching
• 3.4 Boolean Values
• 3.5 null and undefined
• 3.6 Symbols
• 3.7 The Global Object
• 3.8 Immutable Primitive Values and Mutable Object References
• 3.9 Type Conversions
• 3.9.1 Conversions and Equality
• 3.9.2 Explicit Conversions
• 3.9.3 Object to Primitive Conversions
• 3.10 Variable Declaration and Assignment
• 3.10.1 Declarations with let and const
• 3.10.2 Variable Declarations with var
• 3.10.3 Destructuring Assignment
• 3.11 Summary
• Expressions and Operators
• 4.1 Primary Expressions
• 4.2 Object and Array Initializers
• 4.3 Function Definition Expressions
• 4.4 Property Access Expressions
• 4.4.1 Conditional Property Access
• 4.5 Invocation Expressions
• 4.5.1 Conditional Invocation
• 4.6 Object Creation Expressions
• 4.7 Operator Overview
• 4.7.1 Number of Operands
• 4.7.2 Operand and Result Type
• 4.7.3 Operator Side Effects
• 4.7.4 Operator Precedence
• 4.7.5 Operator Associativity
• 4.7.6 Order of Evaluation
• 4.8 Arithmetic Expressions
• 4.8.1 The + Operator
• 4.8.2 Unary Arithmetic Operators
• 4.8.3 Bitwise Operators
• 4.9 Relational Expressions
• 4.9.1 Equality and Inequality Operators
• 4.9.2 Comparison Operators
• 4.9.3 The in Operator
• 4.9.4 The instanceof Operator
• 4.10 Logical Expressions
• 4.10.1 Logical AND (&&)
• 4.10.2 Logical OR (||)
• 4.10.3 Logical NOT (!)
• 4.11 Assignment Expressions
• 4.11.1 Assignment with Operation
• 4.12 Evaluation Expressions
• 4.12.1 eval()
• 4.12.2 Global eval()
• 4.12.3 Strict eval()
• 4.13 Miscellaneous Operators
• 4.13.1 The Conditional Operator (?:)
• 4.13.2 First-Defined (??)
• 4.13.3 The typeof Operator
• 4.13.4 The delete Operator
• 4.13.5 The await Operator
• 4.13.6 The void Operator
• 4.13.7 The comma Operator (,)
• 4.14 Summary
• Statements
• 5.1 Expression Statements
• 5.2 Compound and Empty Statements
• 5.3 Conditionals
• 5.3.1 if
• 5.3.2 else if
• 5.3.3 switch
• 5.4 Loops
• 5.4.1 while
• 5.4.2 do/while
• 5.4.3 for
• 5.4.4 for/of
• 5.4.5 for/in
• 5.5 Jumps
• 5.5.1 Labeled Statements
• 5.5.2 break
• 5.5.3 continue
• 5.5.4 return
• 5.5.5 yield
• 5.5.6 throw
• 5.5.7 try/catch/finally
• 5.6 Miscellaneous Statements
• 5.6.1 with
• 5.6.2 debugger
• 5.6.3 “use strict”
• 5.7 Declarations
• 5.7.1 const, let, and var
• 5.7.2 function
• 5.7.3 class
• 5.7.4 import and export
• 5.8 Summary of JavaScript Statements
• Objects
• 6.1 Introduction to Objects
• 6.2 Creating Objects
• 6.2.1 Object Literals
• 6.2.2 Creating Objects with new
• 6.2.3 Prototypes
• 6.2.4 Object.create()
• 6.3 Querying and Setting Properties
• 6.3.1 Objects As Associative Arrays
• 6.3.2 Inheritance
• 6.3.3 Property Access Errors
• 6.4 Deleting Properties
• 6.5 Testing Properties
• 6.6 Enumerating Properties
• 6.6.1 Property Enumeration Order
• 6.7 Extending Objects
• 6.8 Serializing Objects
• 6.9 Object Methods
• 6.9.1 The toString() Method
• 6.9.2 The toLocaleString() Method
• 6.9.3 The valueOf() Method
• 6.9.4 The toJSON() Method
• 6.10 Extended Object Literal Syntax
• 6.10.1 Shorthand Properties
• 6.10.2 Computed Property Names
• 6.10.3 Symbols as Property Names
• 6.10.4 Spread Operator
• 6.10.5 Shorthand Methods
• 6.10.6 Property Getters and Setters
• 6.11 Summary
• Arrays
• 7.1 Creating Arrays
• 7.1.1 Array Literals
• 7.1.2 The Spread Operator
• 7.1.3 The Array() Constructor
• 7.1.4 Array.of()
• 7.1.5 Array.from()
• 7.2 Reading and Writing Array Elements
• 7.3 Sparse Arrays
• 7.4 Array Length
• 7.5 Adding and Deleting Array Elements
• 7.6 Iterating Arrays
• 7.7 Multidimensional Arrays
• 7.8 Array Methods
• 7.8.1 Array Iterator Methods
• 7.8.2 Flattening arrays with flat() and flatMap()
• 7.8.3 Adding arrays with concat()
• 7.8.4 Stacks and Queues with push(), pop(), shift(), and unshift()
• 7.8.5 Subarrays with slice(), splice(), fill(), and copyWithin()
• 7.8.6 Array Searching and Sorting Methods
• 7.8.7 Array to String Conversions
• 7.8.8 Static Array Functions
• 7.9 Array-Like Objects
• 7.10 Strings as Arrays
• 7.11 Summary
• Functions
• 8.1 Defining Functions
• 8.1.1 Function Declarations
• 8.1.2 Function Expressions
• 8.1.3 Arrow Functions
• 8.1.4 Nested Functions
• 8.2 Invoking Functions
• 8.2.1 Function Invocation
• 8.2.2 Method Invocation
• 8.2.3 Constructor Invocation
• 8.2.4 Indirect Invocation
• 8.2.5 Implicit Function Invocation
• 8.3 Function Arguments and Parameters
• 8.3.1 Optional Parameters and Defaults
• 8.3.2 Rest Parameters and Variable-Length Argument Lists
• 8.3.3 The Arguments Object
• 8.3.4 The Spread Operator for Function Calls
• 8.3.5 Destructuring Function Arguments into Parameters
• 8.3.6 Argument Types
• 8.4 Functions as Values
• 8.4.1 Defining Your Own Function Properties
• 8.5 Functions as Namespaces
• 8.6 Closures
• 8.7 Function Properties, Methods, and Constructor
• 8.7.1 The length Property
• 8.7.2 The name Property
• 8.7.3 The prototype Property
• 8.7.4 The call() and apply() Methods
• 8.7.5 The bind() Method
• 8.7.6 The toString() Method
• 8.7.7 The Function() Constructor
• 8.8 Functional Programming
• 8.8.1 Processing Arrays with Functions
• 8.8.2 Higher-Order Functions
• 8.8.3 Partial Application of Functions
• 8.8.4 Memoization
• 8.9 Summary
• Classes
• 9.1 Classes and Prototypes
• 9.2 Classes and Constructors
• 9.2.1 Constructors, Class Identity, and instanceof
• 9.2.2 The constructor Property
• 9.3 Classes with the class Keyword
• 9.3.1 Static Methods
• 9.3.2 Getters, Setters, and other Method Forms
• 9.3.3 Public, Private, and Static Fields
• 9.3.4 Example: A Complex Number Class
• 9.4 Adding Methods to Existing Classes
• 9.5 Subclasses
• 9.5.1 Subclasses and Prototypes
• 9.5.2 Subclasses with extends and super
• 9.5.3 Delegation Instead of Inheritance
• 9.5.4 Class Hierarchies and Abstract Classes
• 9.6 Summary
• Modules
• 10.1 Modules with Classes, Objects, and Closures
• 10.1.1 Automating Closure-Based Modularity
• 10.2 Modules in Node
• 10.2.1 Node Exports
• 10.2.2 Node Imports
• 10.2.3 Node-Style Modules on the Web
• 10.3 Modules in ES6
• 10.3.1 ES6 Exports
• 10.3.2 ES6 Imports
• 10.3.3 Imports and Exports with Renaming
• 10.3.4 Re-Exports
• 10.3.5 JavaScript Modules on the Web
• 10.3.6 Dynamic Imports with import()
• 10.3.7 import.meta.url
• 10.4 Summary
• The JavaScript Standard Library
• 11.1 Sets and Maps
• 11.1.1 The Set Class
• 11.1.2 The Map Class
• 11.1.3 WeakMap and WeakSet
• 11.2 Typed Arrays and Binary Data
• 11.2.1 Typed Array Types
• 11.2.2 Creating Typed Arrays
• 11.2.3 Using Typed Arrays
• 11.2.4 Typed Array Methods and Properties
• 11.2.5 DataView and Endianness
• 11.3 Pattern Matching with Regular Expressions
• 11.3.1 Defining Regular Expressions
• 11.3.2 String Methods for Pattern Matching
• 11.3.3 The RegExp Class
• 11.4 Dates and Times
• 11.4.1 Timestamps
• 11.4.2 Date Arithmetic
• 11.4.3 Formatting and Parsing Date Strings
• 11.5 Error Classes
• 11.6 JSON Serialization and Parsing
• 11.6.1 JSON Customizations
• 11.7 The Internationalization API
• 11.7.1 Formatting Numbers
• 11.7.2 Formatting Dates and Times
• 11.7.3 Comparing Strings
• 11.8 The Console API
• 11.8.1 Formatted Output with Console
• 11.9 URL APIs
• 11.9.1 Legacy URL Functions
• 11.10 Timers
• 11.11 Summary
• Iterators and Generators
• 12.1 How Iterators Work
• 12.2 Implementing Iterable Objects
• 12.2.1 “Closing” an Iterator: The Return Method
• 12.3 Generators
• 12.3.1 Generator Examples
• 12.3.2 yield* and Recursive Generators
• 12.4 Advanced Generator Features
• 12.4.1 The Return Value of a Generator Function
• 12.4.2 The Value of a yield Expression
• 12.4.3 The return() and throw() Methods of a Generator
• 12.4.4 A Final Note About Generators
• 12.5 Summary
• Asynchronous JavaScript
• 13.1 Asynchronous Programming with Callbacks
• 13.1.1 Timers
• 13.1.2 Events
• 13.1.3 Network Events
• 13.1.4 Callbacks and Events in Node
• 13.2 Promises
• 13.2.1 Using Promises
• 13.2.2 Chaining Promises
• 13.2.3 Resolving Promises
• 13.2.4 More on Promises and Errors
• 13.2.5 Promises in Parallel
• 13.2.6 Making Promises
• 13.2.7 Promises in Sequence
• 13.3 async and await
• 13.3.1 await Expressions
• 13.3.2 async Functions
• 13.3.3 Awaiting Multiple Promises
• 13.3.4 Implementation Details
• 13.4 Asynchronous Iteration
• 13.4.1 The for/await Loop
• 13.4.2 Asynchronous Iterators
• 13.4.3 Asynchronous Generators
• 13.4.4 Implementing Asynchronous Iterators
• 13.5 Summary
• Metaprogramming
• 14.1 Property Attributes
• 14.2 Object Extensibility
• 14.3 The prototype Attribute
• 14.4 Well-Known Symbols
• 14.4.1 Symbol.iterator and Symbol.asyncIterator
• 14.4.2 Symbol.hasInstance
• 14.4.3 Symbol.toStringTag
• 14.4.4 Symbol.species
• 14.4.5 Symbol.isConcatSpreadable
• 14.4.6 Pattern-Matching Symbols
• 14.4.7 Symbol.toPrimitive
• 14.4.8 Symbol.unscopables
• 14.5 Template Tags
• 14.6 The Reflect API
• 14.7 Proxy Objects
• 14.7.1 Proxy Invariants
• 14.8 Summary
• JavaScript in Web Browsers
• 15.1 Web Programming Basics
• 15.1.1 JavaScript in HTML