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• Cover
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• PREFACE
• EMPHASIS ON DESIGN
• PEDAGOGY
• REFERENCES
• ORGANIZATION
• LIST OF SYMBOLS
• 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
• 1.1 TERMINOLOGY OF MEDICINE AND MEDICAL DEVICES
• 1.2 GENERALIZED MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM
• 1.3 ALTERNATIVE OPERATIONAL MODES
• 1.4 MEDICAL MEASUREMENT CONSTRAINTS
• 1.5 CLASSIFICATIONS OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTS
• 1.6 INTERFERING AND MODIFYING INPUTS
• 1.7 COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES
• 1.8 BIOSTATISTICS
• 1.9 GENERALIZED STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
• 1.10 GENERALIZED DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
• 1.11 AMPLIFIERS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
• 1.12 INVERTING AMPLIFIERS
• 1.13 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIERS
• 1.14 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS
• 1.15 COMPARATORS
• 1.16 RECTIFIERS
• 1.17 LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIERS
• 1.18 INTEGRATORS
• 1.19 DIFFERENTIATORS
• 1.20 ACTIVE FILTERS
• 1.21 FREQUENCY RESPONSE
• 1.22 OFFSET VOLTAGE
• 1.23 BIAS CURRENT
• 1.24 INPUT AND OUTPUT RESISTANCE
• 1.25 DESIGN CRITERIA
• 1.26 COMMERCIAL MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
• 1.27 REGULATION OF MEDICAL DEVICES
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 2 BASIC SENSORS AND PRINCIPLES
• 2.1 DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENTS
• 2.2 RESISTIVE SENSORS
• 2.3 BRIDGE CIRCUITS
• 2.4 INDUCTIVE SENSORS
• 2.5 PHASE‐SENSITIVE DEMODULATORS
• 2.6 CAPACITIVE SENSORS
• 2.7 PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS
• 2.8 ACCELEROMETER
• 2.9 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS
• 2.10 THERMOCOUPLES
• 2.11 THERMISTORS
• 2.12 RADIATION THERMOMETRY
• 2.13 FIBER‐OPTIC TEMPERATURE SENSORS
• 2.14 OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS
• 2.15 RADIATION SOURCES
• 2.16 GEOMETRICAL AND FIBER OPTICS
• 2.17 OPTICAL FILTERS
• 2.18 RADIATION SENSORS
• 2.19 OPTICAL COMBINATIONS
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 3 MICROCONTROLLERS IN MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
• 3.1 BASICS OF MICROCONTROLLER
• 3.2 EMBEDDED MEDICAL SYSTEM
• 3.3 ECG‐BASED EMBEDDED MEDICAL SYSTEM EXAMPLE
• 3.4 SELECTION OF A MICROCONTROLLER
• 3.5 IOT‐BASED MEDICAL DEVICES
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 4 THE ORIGIN OF BIOPOTENTIALS
• 4.1 ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF EXCITABLE CELLS
• 4.2 VOLUME CONDUCTOR FIELDS
• 4.3 FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• 4.4 THE ELECTRONEUROGRAM
• 4.5 THE ELECTROMYOGRAM
• 4.6 THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
• 4.7 THE ELECTRORETINOGRAM
• 4.8 THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
• 4.9 THE MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAM
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 5 BIOPOTENTIAL ELECTRODES
• 5.1 THE ELECTRODE–ELECTROLYTE INTERFACE
• 5.2 POLARIZATION
• 5.3 POLARIZABLE AND NONPOLARIZABLE ELECTRODES
• 5.4 ELECTRODE BEHAVIOR AND CIRCUIT MODELS
• 5.5 THE ELECTRODE–SKIN INTERFACE AND MOTION ARTIFACT
• 5.6 BODY‐SURFACE RECORDING ELECTRODES
• 5.7 INTERNAL ELECTRODES
• 5.8 ELECTRODE ARRAYS
• 5.9 MICROELECTRODES
• 5.10 ELECTRODES FOR ELECTRIC STIMULATION OF TISSUE
• 5.11 PRACTICAL HINTS IN USING ELECTRODES
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 6 BIOPOTENTIAL AMPLIFIERS
• 6.1 BASIC REQUIREMENTS
• 6.2 THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH
• 6.3 PROBLEMS FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED
• 6.4 TRANSIENT PROTECTION
• 6.5 COMMON‐MODE AND OTHER INTERFERENCE‐REDUCTION CIRCUITS
• 6.6 AMPLIFIERS FOR OTHER BIOPOTENTIAL SIGNALS
• 6.7 EXAMPLE OF A BIOPOTENTIAL PREAMPLIFIER
• 6.8 OTHER BIOPOTENTIAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS
• 6.9 CARDIAC MONITORS
• 6.10 BIOTELEMETRY
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 7 BLOOD PRESSURE AND SOUND
• 7.1 DIRECT MEASUREMENTS
• 7.2 HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF BLOOD PRESSURE WAVEFORMS
• 7.3 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF PRESSURE‐MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
• 7.4 MEASUREMENT OF SYSTEM RESPONSE
• 7.5 EFFECTS OF SYSTEM PARAMETERS ON RESPONSE
• 7.6 BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS FOR MEASURING BLOOD PRESSURE
• 7.7 TYPICAL PRESSURE‐WAVEFORM DISTORTION
• 7.8 SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING VENOUS PRESSURE
• 7.9 HEART SOUNDS
• 7.10 PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY
• 7.11 CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
• 7.12 EFFECTS OF POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY ON PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
• 7.13 INDIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF BLOOD PRESSURE
• 7.14 TONOMETRY
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 8 MEASUREMENT OF FLOW AND VOLUME OF BLOOD
• 8.1 INDICATOR‐DILUTION METHOD THAT USES CONTINUOUS INFUSION
• 8.2 INDICATOR‐DILUTION METHOD THAT USES RAPID INJECTION
• 8.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETERS
• 8.4 ULTRASONIC FLOWMETERS
• 8.5 THERMAL‐CONVECTION VELOCITY SENSORS
• 8.6 CHAMBER PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
• 8.7 ELECTRICAL‐IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
• 8.8 PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHY
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 9 MEASUREMENTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• 9.1 MODELING THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• 9.2 MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE
• 9.3 MEASUREMENT OF GAS FLOW
• 9.4 LUNG VOLUME
• 9.5 RESPIRATORY PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
• 9.6 SOME TESTS OF RESPIRATORY MECHANICS
• 9.7 MEASUREMENT OF GAS CONCENTRATION
• 9.8 SOME TESTS OF GAS TRANSPORT
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 10 CHEMICAL BIOSENSORS
• 10.1 BLOOD‐GAS AND ACID–BASE PHYSIOLOGY
• 10.2 ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS
• 10.3 CHEMICAL FIBROSENSORS
• 10.4 ION‐SENSITIVE FIELD‐EFFECT TRANSISTOR (ISFET)
• 10.5 IMMUNOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE FIELD‐EFFECT TRANSISTOR (IMFET)
• 10.6 NONINVASIVE BLOOD‐GAS MONITORING
• 10.7 BLOOD‐GLUCOSE SENSORS
• 10.8 ELECTRONIC NOSES
• 10.9 LAB‐ON‐A‐CHIP
• 10.10 SUMMARY
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 11 CLINICAL LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION
• 11.1 SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
• 11.2 AUTOMATED CHEMICAL ANALYZERS
• 11.3 CHROMATOLOGY
• 11.4 ELECTROPHORESIS
• 11.5 HEMATOLOGY
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 12 MEDICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS
• 12.1 INFORMATION CONTENT OF AN IMAGE
• 12.2 MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTION
• 12.3 NOISE‐EQUIVALENT BANDWIDTH
• 12.4 IMAGE PROCESSING
• 12.5 RADIOGRAPHY
• 12.6 COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY
• 12.7 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
• 12.8 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
• 12.9 NUCLEAR MEDICINE
• 12.10 SINGLE‐PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
• 12.11 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
• 12.12 ULTRASONOGRAPHY
• 12.13 CONTRAST AGENTS
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 13 THERAPEUTIC AND PROSTHETIC DEVICES
• 13.1 CARDIAC PACEMAKERS AND OTHER ELECTRIC STIMULATORS
• 13.2 DEFIBRILLATORS AND CARDIOVERTERS
• 13.3 MECHANICAL CARDIOVASCULAR ORTHOTIC AND PROSTHETIC DEVICES
• 13.4 HEMODIALYSIS
• 13.5 LITHOTRIPSY
• 13.6 VENTILATORS
• 13.7 INFANT INCUBATORS
• 13.8 DRUG DELIVERY DEVICES
• 13.9 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
• 13.10 THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS OF THE LASER
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• 14 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
• 14.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY
• 14.2 IMPORTANT SUSCEPTIBILITY PARAMETERS
• 14.3 DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
• 14.4 MACROSHOCK HAZARDS
• 14.5 MICROSHOCK HAZARDS
• 14.6 ELECTRICAL‐SAFETY CODES AND STANDARDS
• 14.7 BASIC APPROACHES TO PROTECTION AGAINST SHOCK
• 14.8 PROTECTION: POWER DISTRIBUTION
• 14.9 PROTECTION: EQUIPMENT DESIGN
• 14.10 ELECTRICAL‐SAFETY ANALYZERS
• 14.11 TESTING THE ELECTRIC SYSTEM
• 14.12 TESTS OF ELECTRIC APPLIANCES
• 14.13 CONCLUSION
• PROBLEMS
• REFERENCES
• APPENDIX
• APPENDIX A.1
• APPENDIX A.2
• APPENDIX A.3
• REFERENCE
• APPENDIX A.4
• APPENDIX A.5
• Index
• End User License Agreement