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• Preface
• About the Author
• Section 1 • Memory and Processes of Memory
• Chapter 1 • Introduction to the Study of Memory
• The Science of Memory
• The History of Memory Research
• Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909)
• Mary Calkins (1863–1930)
• Behaviorism
• Frederic Bartlett (1886–1969)
• Endel Tulving (1927–)
• Cognitive Psychology
• Elizabeth Loftus (1944–)
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• • Section Quiz
• Methods of Studying Memory
• Memory Measures
• Recall
• Recognition
• Implicit Memory Tests
• Reaction Time
• Source Judgments
• Metamemory Judgments
• Summary of Memory Measures
• Neuropsychology
• Animal Models
• Neuroimaging
• • Section Summary and Quiz
• Culture and Memory
• Improving Memory Efficiency
• Themes for the Book
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Chapter 2 • Neuroscience of Memory
• Old Questions, New Answers
• Brain and Memory
• The Neuron
• Neurotransmitters
• Structures of the Human Brain
• Subcortical Structures
• Cortical Areas of the Brain Associated With Memory
• Interim Summary and Quiz
• Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
• EEG (Electroencephalography)
• Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologies
• Brain Stimulation Techniques
• • Section Quiz
• Neuropsychology: Memory Deficits and Amnesia
• Chemical Enhancement of Memory
• Olfaction, Memory, and the Brain
• Genetic Approaches
• Case Example: The Neuroscience of Face Memory
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Chapter 3 • Working Memory
• What Is Working Memory?
• Some Terminological Clarifications
• Sensory Memory
• Working Memory Capacity
• Memory Span Tasks
• Pronunciation Time
• The Duration of Information in Working Memory
• The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication for Working Memory
• Section Summary and Quiz
• The Working Memory Model of Baddeley
• Working Memory Systems
• The Phonological Loop
• Visuospatial Sketchpad
• The Episodic Buffer
• The Central Executive
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Working Memory and the Brain
• Applications of Working Memory
• Reading Fluency
• Verbal Fluency
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Chapter 4 • Episodic Memory
• Evidence for the Episodic/Semantic Distinction
• Behavioral Evidence
• Neuropsychological Evidence
• Evidence From Neuroimaging
• • Section Summary and Quiz
• Memory Processes: Encoding, Representation, and Retrieval
• Encoding in Episodic Memory
• Levels of Processing
• Applications of Levels of Processing
• The Self-Reference Effect
• Survival Processing
• The Generation Effect
• Organization
• Distinctiveness
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Memory Processes: Encoding, Representation, and Retrieval
• Retrieval From Episodic Memory
• Encoding Specificity
• Inhibition in Episodic Memory
• Retrieval-Induced Inhibition
• Part-Set Cueing
• Directed Forgetting
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Chapter 5 • Semantic Memory
• Associative Structures in Semantic Memory
• Semantic Priming and Lexical Decision Tasks
• Sentence Verification Tasks
• Bilingual Representation
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Concepts and Categories
• Categories Are Fuzzy
• Family Resemblance
• Exemplar Theory and Feature Comparison Theory
• Prototype Theory
• Situated Simulation Theory
• Schemas and Scripts
• Reconstruction of Events
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Representation and Imagery
• Shepard and Metzler’s Mental Rotation Experiment
• Neuroimaging and the Analog View
• Photographic Memory: Reality or Fantasy?
• Cognitive Maps
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Language, Lexical Memory, and Semantic Memory
• Lexical Memory
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Section 2 • Advanced Topics in Memory
• Chapter 6 • Autobiographical Memory
• Conway’s Theory of Representation in Autobiographical Memory
• Event-Specific Memories
• General Events
• Lifetime Periods
• The Working Self
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Childhood Amnesia
• Psychodynamic View
• Neurological Transitions in Memory Systems
• Age-Related Changes in Self-Concept
• Influence of Language on Memory Development
• Childhood Amnesia May Result From Multiple Causes
• Flashbulb Memories
• Accuracy of Flashbulb Memories
• Theories of Flashbulb Memory Formation
• Collaborative Memory
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Diary Studies and Autobiographical Memory
• The Cue-Word Technique for Eliciting Autobiographical Memories and the Reminiscence Bump
• Memory Fluency
• Neurological Views
• Sociocultural Views
• Aspects of Autobiographical Memory
• Field and Observer Memories
• Involuntary Memories
• Disputed Memories
• Music and Autobiographical Memory
• Sense of Smell and Autobiographical Memory
• The Neuroscience of Autobiographical Memory
• • Summary
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Chapter 7 • False Memory
• Correspondence, Accuracy, and Amount
• Source Monitoring
• Methods of Studying False Memory
• Deese-Roediger-McDermott Procedure (DRM)
• Visual False Memory Procedure
• DRM in Older Adults
• False Memory Induction Procedure
• Imagination Inflation
• Fabricated or Altered Evidence
• Hypnosis and Memory
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Recovered Memories: The Reality of Repression
• Mechanisms of Repression and Recovery
• Failure to Rehearse
• Retrieval Suppression
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Chapter 8 • Prospective Memory and Metamemory
• Prospective Memory
• Event-Based and Time-Based Prospective Memory
• Kinds of Control in Prospective Memory
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Metamemory
• What Is Metamemory?
• Theories of Metamemory
• Direct-Access Theories
• Indirect or Inferential Theories
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Types of Judgments
• Tip-of-the-Tongue States
• Brain Mechanisms
• TOTs and Aging
• Feeling of Knowing
• Mechanisms of Feeling of Knowing
• Neuropsychology and Feeling of Knowing
• Judgments of Learning
• Factors That Influence Judgments of Learning
• Brain Mechanisms for Judgments of Learning
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Control Processes in Metamemory
• Labor-in-Vain Effect
• Region of Proximal Learning
• A Note on Accuracy
• Other Kinds of Metamemory
• Retrospective Confidence
• The Déjà Vu Experience
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Chapter 9 • Memory and Development
• Memory in Children
• Memory in Infancy
• Visual Recognition
• Nonnutritive Sucking
• Conjugate Reinforcement Technique
• Imitation
• Memory for Language in Infancy
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Memory in Early Childhood
• Why Does Memory Improve During Early Childhood?
• Memory Strategies View
• Memory Efficiency View
• Episodic Memory
• Memory Conversations and Episodic Memory
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Memory in Older Children
• Metamemory in Children
• Overconfidence in Judgments
• Summary
• Memory in Older Adults
• Theories of Aging and Memory
• Processing Speed
• Inhibition Theory
• Decline in the Strategic Use of Memory
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Age-Related Changes in Working Memory
• Semantic Memory
• Episodic Memory
• Recall Versus Recognition in Episodic Memory
• Memory Accuracy in Episodic Memory
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Metamemory in Older Adults
• Judgments of Learning
• Use It or Lose It: Maintaining Memory Ability in Older Adults
• Mnemonic Tips for Older Adults
• The Neuroscience of Memory and Aging
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Section 3 • Applications of Memory Research
• Chapter 10 • Brain-Based Amnesia and Alzheimer’s Disease
• What Is Amnesia?
• Case Studies of Amnesia
• Patient H. M.
• Clive Wearing
• Anterograde Amnesia
• Implicit Memory in the Amnesic Syndrome
• Awareness in the Amnesic Syndrome
• Simulated Anterograde Amnesia
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Retrograde Amnesia
• Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Korsakoff’s Disease
• Frontal Syndrome
• Behavioral Issues in Patients With Frontal-Lobe Damage
• Transient Global Amnesia
• Short-Term Memory Amnesia
• Reduplicative Paramnesia and Capgras Syndrome
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease
• Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
• Memory Rehabilitation
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Chapter 11 • Memory and Clinical Disorders
• Psychogenic Amnesia
• Onset of Psychogenic Amnesia
• Treatment
• Dissociative Amnesia
• Dissociative Fugue
• Treatment for Fugue
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Memory in Schizophrenia
• Memory and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Memory in Autism
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Chapter 12 • Applications 1: Legal Psychology
• Applications of Memory Research to Legal Psychology
• Eyewitness Memory
• Suggestibility
• Effects of Wording on Memory of an Accident
• The Misinformation Effect
• Explanations for the Misinformation Effect
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Children’s Eyewitness Memory
• Memory and Stress in Children’s Episodic Memory
• Suggestibility in Older Adults
• Misattribution of Source
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Simultaneous and Sequential Lineups in Eyewitness Memory
• Verbal Overshadowing and Verbal Facilitation
• Own-Race Bias
• The Cognitive Interview: More Information Without Suggestion
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Chapter 13 • Applications 2: Memory Improvement and Learning Efficiency
• 1. Process for Meaning
• Technical Mnemonics
• Avoid Distraction to Enhancing Meaning Retention
• 2. Engage in Retrieval Practice
• Retrieval Cues and Encoding Variability
• Section Summary and Quiz
• 3. Use Metamemory
• Judgments of Learning as Mnemonic Improvement Tools
• Stability Bias
• 4. Distribute Your Practice
• Avoid Cramming: Massed Versus Distributed Practice
• Section Summary and Quiz
• Visual Mnemonics
• Method of Loci
• Keyword Technique
• Pegword Mnemonic
• Interactive Versus Bizarre Imagery
• Myths and Methods to Avoid
• Mnemonists
• S
• Summary
• Key Terms
• Review Questions
• Online Resources
• Glossary
• References
• Author Index
• Subject Index