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• Cover
• Endorsements
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• List of figures
• List of maps
• Acknowledgments
• Advice on using ancient sources: Caveat Lector (Reader Beware)!
• Companion website
• General introductions and websites
• 1. The Origins of Rome
• Foundation legends and their sources
• Rome: center of the universe
• Further reading
• 2. The republic (510–60 bc)
• The birth of the Roman constitution (509–281 bc)
• Origins of empire: Roman warfare and imperialism (281–121 bc)
• The twilight of the Roman Republic: administering an empire 121–60 bc
• Further reading
• 3. The rise of the Roman Empire Twelve Caesars (60. bc–ad 96)
• Sources on the Twelve Caesars
• The first triumvirate (60–48 bc)
• The rise of Augustus and the second triumvirate
• Augustus: restorer of the republic?
• Tiberius (ad 14–37)
• Caligula (ad 37–41)
• Claudius (ad 41–54)
• Nero (ad 54–69)
• The year of four emperors: summer 68–winter 69 ad
• Vespasian (ad 69–79) and the Flavian dynasty
• Titus (ad 79–81)
• Domitian (ad 81–96)
• Further reading
• 4. The Roman Empire: Zenith and decline (ad 96–330)
• Making the Empire work
• Sources: Cassius Dio, Ammianus and the Historia Augusta
• The “five good emperors” (ad 96–180)
• The Severans: the disintegration of dynasty (ad 180–234)
• The 3rd-century crisis? Devaluation and disorder (ad 235–284)
• Recovery: Diocletian, Constantine and Christian Rome (ad 284–337)
• Further reading
• 5. Roman religions and mythology
• Roman divinities
• Prayer and sacrifice: blessings and curses
• Omens
• Worship in the home
• Worship in the fields
• State religion: offices
• State religion festivals and the calendar
• Religion in the provinces: east meets west
• Jews and Christians
• Further reading
• 6. Society and daily life
• Social hierarchy
• Traditional values and customs
• Economy and money
• The Roman calendar
• Working in ancient Rome
• The roles of women: daughter, mother, wife
• Marriage
• Working girls
• The ideal Roman woman?
• Imperial women: Livia and Agrippina the Younger – tiger moms?
• Slaves and slavery
• Education
• Dress
• Sexuality and gender
• Food and drink
• Holidays and the games
• Further reading
• 7. Art, architecture and building
• Sculpture
• Painting and mosaic
• Domestic architecture
• The architecture of public buildings
• A typical Roman theater
• Infrastructure
• Further reading
• 8. Roman literature
• Languages and sources
• Ennius
• Comedy: Plautus and Terence
• Lyric poetry: Catullus and Horace
• Virgil
• Elegiac poetry: Propertius and Ovid
• Epigram and satire: Martial and Juvenal
• The novel: Petronius and Apuleius
• Historians: Caesar, Livy, Tacitus and Suetonius
• Philosophy and science: Lucretius, Seneca and Pliny the Elder
• Letter writers: Cicero and Pliny the Younger
• Further reading
• 9. The Roman army
• The new model army
• The legion
• Other units
• Weapons and tactics
• Consolidating and patrolling the Empire
• Life in the Roman army
• Further reading
• 10. Rome’s provinces
• Establishing a province
• Capitals of empire in the West: Gallia Narbonensis
• Capitals of empire in the East: Asia (Asia minor)
• Life on the fringes of empire: Roman Britain
• Life on the fringes of empire: Roman Syria
• Conclusions
• Further reading
• Websites
• 11. The fall of the Roman Empire and its legacy: (ad 330-Present)
• The fall of Rome ad 330–476
• The Eastern Empire
• The legacy of Rome
• Imperialism
• Cultural heritage
• Further reading
• Appendices
• 1. The Roman constitution
• 2. Roman names and nomenclature: a brief introduction
• 3. Historical timeline
• 4. Literature timeline
• 5. Glossary of Latin terms in the text
• Index