Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contributors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Contents
• 1 Introduction to Biomechanics: Basic Terminology and Concepts
• Introduction
• Basic Concepts
• SCALARS, VECTORS, AND TENSORS
• FORCE VECTOR
• TORQUE AND MOMENT VECTORS
• NEWTON’S LAWS
• FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS
• CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM
• STATICS
• MODES OF DEFORMATION
• NORMAL AND SHEAR STRESSES
• NORMAL AND SHEAR STRAINS
• STRESS–STRAIN DIAGRAMS
• ELASTIC AND PLASTIC DEFORMATIONS
• VISCOELASTICITY
• MATERIAL PROPERTIES BASED ON STRESS–STRAIN DIAGRAMS
• PRINCIPAL STRESSES
• FATIGUE AND ENDURANCE
• Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System
• PART 1: BIOMECHANICS OF TISSUES AND STRUCTURES
• PART 2: BIOMECHANICS OF JOINTS
• PART 3: APPLIED BIOMECHANICS
• Summary
• Suggested Reading
• Appendix The International System of Measurement (Le Système International d’Unités)
• The SI Metric System
• BASE UNITS
• SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
• DERIVED UNITS
• Specially Named Units
• Standard Units Named for Scientists
• Converting to SI From Other Units of Measurement
• Suggested Reading
• PART 1: Biomechanics of Tissues and Structures of the Musculoskeletal System
• 2 Biomechanics of Bone
• Introduction
• Bone Composition and Structure
• Biomechanical Properties of Bone
• WHOLE BONE
• BONE MATERIAL
• BIOMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BONE
• BONE BEHAVIOR UNDER VARIOUS LOADING MODES
• STRAIN RATE DEPENDENCY IN BONE: VISCOELASTICITY
• INFLUENCE OF MUSCLE ACTIVITY ON STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN BONE
• FATIGUE OF BONE UNDER REPETITIVE LOADING
• BONE REMODELING
• INFLUENCE OF BONE GEOMETRY ON BIOMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR
• Surgical Effects
• STRESS RAISERS
• OPEN SECTION DEFECTS
• BONE DEPOSITION AND RESORPTION
• Degenerative Changes in Bone Associated with Aging
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• 3 Biomechanics of Articular Cartilage
• Introduction
• Composition and Structure of Articular Cartilage
• COLLAGEN
• PROTEOGLYCAN
• WATER
• STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL INTERACTION AMONG CARTILAGE COMPONENTS
• Biomechanical Behavior of Articular Cartilage
• PERMEABILITY OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
• NATURE OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE VISCOELASTICITY
• BEHAVIOR OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE UNDER UNIAXIAL TENSION: FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF COLLAGEN FIBRILS
• INTERSTITIAL FLUID PRESSURIZATION STIFFENS CARTILAGE
• SWELLING BEHAVIOR OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
• Lubrication and Wear of Articular Cartilage
• ROLE OF INTERSTITIAL FLUID PRESSURIZATION IN JOINT LUBRICATION
• BOUNDARY LUBRICATION
• WEAR
• Hypotheses on the Biomechanics of Cartilage Degeneration
• ROLE OF BIOMECHANICAL FACTORS
• IMPLICATIONS ON CHONDROCYTE FUNCTION
• Functional Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage
• Summary
• Acknowledgments
• Practice Questions
• References
• 4 Biomechanics of Tendons and Ligaments
• Introduction
• Composition and Structure of Tendons
• TENDON CELLS (TENOCYTES)
• EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
• COLLAGEN
• ELASTIN
• GROUND SUBSTANCE
• Composition and Structure of Ligaments
• VASCULAR SUPPLY OF TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS
• NEURAL COMPONENTS OF TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS
• OUTER STRUCTURE AND INSERTION INTO BONE
• Biomechanical Properties of Tendons and Ligaments
• VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR IN TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS TO TENSILE LOADS
• BIOMECHANICAL RESPONSE OF TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS TO NONTENSILE LOADS
• LIGAMENT FAILURE AND TENDON INJURY MECHANISMS
• HEALING OF TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS
• GRAFTS
• Factors that Affect the Biomechanical Properties of Tendons and Ligaments
• MATURATION AND AGING
• PREGNANCY AND THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD
• MOBILIZATION AND IMMOBILIZATION
• COMORBIDITIES
• PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• 5 Biomechanics of Peripheral Nerves and Spinal Nerve Roots
• Introduction
• Anatomy and Physiology of Peripheral Nerves
• THE NERVE FIBERS: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• INTRANEURAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF PERIPHERAL NERVES
• THE MICROVASCULAR SYSTEM OF PERIPHERAL NERVES
• Anatomy and Physiology of Spinal Nerve Roots
• MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SPINAL NERVE ROOTS
• MEMBRANOUS COVERINGS OF SPINAL NERVE ROOTS
• THE MICROVASCULAR SYSTEM OF SPINAL NERVE ROOTS
• Biomechanical Behavior of Peripheral Nerves
• STRETCHING (TENSILE) INJURIES OF PERIPHERAL NERVES
• COMPRESSION INJURIES OF PERIPHERAL NERVES
• Biomechanical Behavior of Spinal Nerve Roots
• EXPERIMENTAL COMPRESSION OF SPINAL NERVE ROOTS
• ONSET RATE OF COMPRESSION
• MULTIPLE LEVELS OF SPINAL NERVE ROOT COMPRESSION
• CHRONIC NERVE ROOT COMPRESSION IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS
• Nerve Injury and Pain
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• 6 Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscle
• Introduction
• Composition and Structure of Skeletal Muscle
• STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF MUSCLE
• MOLECULAR BASIS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• THE MOTOR UNIT
• THE MUSCULOTENDINOUS UNIT
• Mechanics of Muscle Contraction
• SUMMATION AND TETANIC CONTRACTION
• TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• Force Production in Muscle
• LENGTH–TENSION RELATIONSHIP
• LOAD–VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP
• FORCE–TIME RELATIONSHIP
• EFFECT OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ARCHITECTURE
• EFFECT OF PRESTRETCHING
• EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
• EFFECT OF FATIGUE
• EFFECT OF AGING
• EFFECT OF VIBRATION
• Muscle Fiber Differentiation
• Muscle Remodeling
• EFFECTS OF DISUSE AND IMMOBILIZATION
• EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• PART 2: Biomechanics of Joints
• 7 Biomechanics of the Knee
• Introduction
• Kinematics
• RANGE OF MOTION
• SURFACE JOINT MOTION
• Kinetics
• STATICS OF THE TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT
• DYNAMICS OF THE TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT
• FORCES IN THE KNEE IN ACTIVITY
• FORCE TRANSMISSION ACROSS THE KNEE
• STABILITY OF THE KNEE
• FUNCTION OF THE PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• 8 Biomechanics of the Hip
• Introduction
• Anatomic Considerations
• THE ACETABULUM
• THE FEMORAL HEAD
• THE FEMORAL NECK
• THE HIP CAPSULE AND MUSCLES SURROUNDING THE HIP JOINT
• Kinematics
• ADLs AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
• HIP RANGE OF MOTION IN WALKING AND RUNNING
• Kinetics
• INDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF JOINT FORCES
• DIRECT MEASUREMENT: USING SURGICAL IMPLANTS
• JOINT REACTION FORCE DURING ACTIVITIES
• IMPACT OF GENDER ON HIP KINETICS
• IMPLANTS
• EFFECT OF EXTERNAL SUPPORT ON HIP JOINT REACTION FORCE
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• 9 Biomechanics of the Foot and Ankle
• Introduction
• Structural Organization of the Foot and Ankle
• REARFOOT, MIDFOOT, FOREFOOT
• THE MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH
• SOFT TISSUES OF THE FOOT
• Kinematics of the Foot and Ankle
• TERMINOLOGY
• TALOCRURAL JOINT
• SUBTALAR JOINT
• TRANSVERSE TARSAL JOINT
• INTERTARSAL AND TARSOMETATARSAL JOINTS
• METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT
• INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT
• Passive Stability of the Ankle and Foot
• Muscle Control of the Ankle and Foot
• Foot Alignment in Standing
• Foot and Ankle Motion During Gait
• Muscle Action During Gait
• Kinetics of the Ankle Joint
• STATICS
• LOAD DISTRIBUTION
• DYNAMICS
• Kinetics of the Foot
• Effects of Shoe Wear on Foot/Ankle Biomechanics
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• 10 Biomechanics of the Lumbar Spine
• Introduction
• The Motion Segment: The Functional Unit of the Spine
• THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE MOTION SEGMENT
• THE POSTERIOR PORTION OF THE MOTION SEGMENT
• THE LIGAMENTS OF THE SPINE
• Kinematics
• SEGMENTAL MOTION OF THE SPINE
• FUNCTIONAL MOTION OF THE SPINE
• THE MUSCLES
• Kinetics
• STATICS AND DYNAMICS
• MECHANICAL STABILITY OF THE LUMBAR SPINE
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• 11 Biomechanics of the Thoracic Spine and Rib Cage
• Introduction
• Anatomy of the Functional Structures
• THORACIC VERTEBRAL BODIES
• THORACIC INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
• THORACIC SPINAL LIGAMENTS
• RIB CAGE
• MUSCLES
• Effect of Age, Gender, and Other Factors on Thoracic Spinal and Rib Cage Morphology
• Biomechanical Properties of the Thoracic Spine
• STATICS
• KINEMATICS
• RANGES OF MOTION
• COUPLED MOTIONS
• Kinematics of the Costovertebral and Costotransverse Joints
• Stability Provided by the Rib Cage
• Fracture Biomechanics of the Thoracic Complex
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• 12 Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine
• Introduction
• Component Anatomy and Biomechanics
• ANATOMY
• MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Kinematics
• RANGE OF MOTION
• SURFACE JOINT MOTION
• COUPLED MOTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
• SPINAL STABILITY
• Applied Biomechanics
• DECOMPRESSION
• ARTHRODESIS
• Biomechanics of Cervical Trauma
• AIRBAG INJURIES
• WHIPLASH SYNDROME
• Conclusion
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• 13 Biomechanics of the Shoulder
• Introduction
• Kinematics and Anatomy
• RANGE OF MOTION OF THE SHOULDER COMPLEX
• STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT
• ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT AND CORACOCLAVICULAR ARTICULATION
• CLAVICLE
• GLENOHUMERAL JOINT AND RELATED STRUCTURES
• SCAPULOTHORACIC ARTICULATION
• SPINAL CONTRIBUTION TO SHOULDER MOTION
• Kinetics
• MUSCULAR ANATOMY
• INTEGRATED MUSCULAR ACTIVITY OF THE SHOULDER COMPLEX
• LOADS AT THE GLENOHUMERAL JOINT
• THE BIOMECHANICS OF PITCHING
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• 14 Biomechanics of the Elbow
• Introduction
• Anatomy
• CARRYING ANGLE
• DISTAL HUMERUS
• PROXIMAL ULNA
• PROXIMAL RADIUS
• Kinematics
• ELBOW FLEXION AND EXTENSION
• FOREARM PRONATION AND SUPINATION
• ELBOW STABILITY
• Kinetics
• Electromyography
• Elbow Joint Forces
• Articular Surface Forces
• Calculation of Joint Reaction Forces at the Elbow
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• 15 Biomechanics of the Wrist and Hand
• Introduction
• Anatomy of the Wrist and Hand
• WRIST ARTICULATIONS
• HAND ARTICULATIONS
• ARCHES OF THE HAND
• NERVE AND BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE WRIST AND HAND
• Control of the Wrist and Hand
• PASSIVE CONTROL MECHANISMS
• ACTIVE CONTROL MECHANISMS
• Kinematics
• WRIST RANGE OF MOTION
• DIGITAL RANGE OF MOTION
• FUNCTIONAL WRIST MOTION
• Interaction of Wrist and Hand Motion
• Patterns of Prehensile Hand Function
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• PART 3: Applied Biomechanics
• 16 Biomechanics of Fracture Fixation
• Introduction
• Fracture Stability and Healing
• FRACTURE HEALING
• SURGICAL FACTORS
• Fixation Devices and Methods
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• Suggested Reading
• References
• 17 Biomechanics of Arthroplasty
• Introduction
• Hip
• FORCES AT THE HIP JOINT
• FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE HIP LOADING ENVIRONMENT
• WHY STUDY HIP FORCES? COMPLICATIONS INFLUENCED BY HIP BIOMECHANICS
• Knee
• MOTION AND FORCES AT THE KNEE JOINT
• FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE KNEE MOTION AND LOAD
• Why Do Implants Fail? Wear Is a Primary Reason
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• 18 Biomechanics of Gait
• Introduction
• Anatomic Considerations
• HIP
• KNEE
• ANKLE AND FOOT
• UPPER BODY
• Methods of Gait Analysis
• Gait Cycle
• Time–Distance Variables
• Angular Kinematics
• HIP
• KNEE
• ANKLE AND FOOT
• TRUNK AND PELVIS
• CENTER OF MASS
• SEGMENTAL KINETICS
• JOINT MOMENTS
• JOINT POWER
• WORK AND ENERGY TRANSFER
• Muscular Control
• HIP
• KNEE
• ANKLE AND FOOT
• SUBTALAR JOINT
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• Acknowledgment
• References
• 19 Biomechanics of Indigenous Postures
• Introduction
• Biomechanics of Indigenous Daily Life Postures: Squat
• INTRODUCTION
• KINEMATICS
• MUSCLE CONTROL
• KINETICS
• POSTURAL CONTROL
• Biomechanics of Yogasana: Suryanamaskar
• INTRODUCTION
• TEMPORAL VARIABLES
• KINEMATICS
• MUSCLE ACTIVITY
• POSTURAL CONTROL
• KINETICS
• CLINICAL APPLICATION
• Biomechanics of Classical Dance: Bharatanatyam
• INTRODUCTION
• BALANCE AND POSTURAL CONTROL
• GAIT KINEMATICS
• FOOT STRUCTURE
• CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
• Summary
• Practice Questions
• References
• Index