Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Contributors
• Preface to Third Edition
• I. Introduction
• 1. Global warming—a complex situation
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The greenhouse effect and global warming
• 3. Feedback mechanisms to further increase the heating of the planet
• 4. Our present situation
• 5. Urgent action is required
• 6. Global warming, climate change, and the new pandemic—COVID-19
• 7. Why is the world so slow in overcoming global warming?
• 8. Social and ethical impacts of climate change
• 9. What can we do?
• 10. Conclusion
• Chapter 2. Greenhouse gases and the emerging climate emergency
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Myths about the greenhouse effect
• 3. Origin of the greenhouse effect: “primary” and “secondary” effects
• 4. The physical properties of greenhouse gases
• 5. Interpretation of data for the properties of greenhouse gases
• 6. What has changed in the past decade?
• II. Tools used to investigate and predict climate change
• 3. Climate change through Earth history
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Climate models
• 3. Long-term climate trends
• 4. Early climate history
• 5. Phanerozoic glaciations
• 6. The Mesozoic—early Cenozoic greenhouse
• 7. Development of the Cenozoic icehouse
• 8. Astronomical modulation of climate
• 9. Milankovitch cyclicity in Quaternary (Pleistocene) climate history
• 10. Quaternary sub-Milankovitch cyclicity
• 11. The Holocene
• 12. Climate of the Anthropocene
• 13. Conclusions
• Chapter 4. Numerical modeling of the global climate and carbon cycle system
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Numerical modeling for climate and the earth system
• 3. Modeling the global carbon cycle
• 4. Summary and conclusions
• Glossary
• III. Indicators
• Chapter 5. Global surface temperatures
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Basic data availability
• 3. Analyses of land surface air temperature
• 4. Analyses of sea surface temperature
• 5. Global changes
• 6. Uncertainty quantification
• 7. Characterization of extremes and variability
• 8. Future research directions
• 9. Conclusions
• Chapter 6. Arctic sea ice
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Observed changes in the state of arctic sea ice
• 3. Classifying and comprehending the observed changes
• 4. Conclusions
• Chapter 7. Antarctic sea ice changes and their implications
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Why Antarctic ice is different
• 3. Snow on the ice
• 4. The annual ice cycle and its changes
• 5. What is happening to the ice?
• 6. Response of the Antarctic to changes elsewhere
• Chapter 8. Land ice: indicator, and integrator, of climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Mass balance of glaciers and ice sheets
• 3. Long-term behavior
• 4. Observations of recent changes
• 5. Concluding remarks
• Chapter 9. Glaciers and climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Observing glacier change
• 3. Components and drivers of glacier mass change
• 4. Mass balance feedbacks
• 5. Recent glacier changes
• 6. Future glacier changes
• 7. Concluding remarks
• Chapter 10. Poleward expansion of the atmospheric circulation
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The general circulation of the atmosphere
• 3. Evidence for circulation change
• 4. Cause for circulation change
• 5. Emerging dynamical mechanisms
• 6. Summary, outstanding problems, and conclusions
• Chapter 11. Rising sea levels as an indicator of global change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Is sea level rising?
• 3. Why is sea level rising?
• 4. Are contemporary rates of sea level rise unusual?
• 5. Conclusion
• Chapter 12. Ocean current changes
• 1. Role of the ocean currents in the climate system
• 2. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
• 3. Conclusions
• Chapter 13. Ocean acidification and climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Evidence from observations
• 3. Model predictions of future change
• 4. Impacts
• 5. Biogeochemical cycling and feedback to climate
• 6. Adaptation, recovery, and mitigation
• 7. Conclusion
• Chapter 14. Permafrost and climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Characteristics of permafrost
• 3. Observed trends in recent permafrost conditions
• 4. Impacts of recent changes in permafrost
• 5. Conclusions
• Chapter 15. The jet stream and climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Expected changes with climate change
• 3. Observed changes
• 4. Future impacts of changing jets
• 5. Summary
• Chapter 16. Extreme weather and climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Temperature extremes
• 3. Precipitation extremes
• 4. Tropical cyclones
• 5. Conclusions
• Chapter 17. Bird ecology
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Indicators of change
• 3. Conclusions
• Chapter 18. Insect communities
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Range changes
• 3. Changes in phenology
• 4. Physiology
• 5. Responses to other climatic variables
• 6. Insect communities under climate change
• 7. Conclusion
• Chapter 19. Sea life (pelagic ecosystems)
• 1. Pelagic and planktonic ecosystems
• 2. Observed impacts on pelagic and planktonic ecosystems
• 3. Conclusion and summary of key indicators
• Chapter 20. Changes in coral reef ecosystems as an indication of climate and global change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Tropical coral reef ecosystems
• 3. Coral reef fishes
• 4. Conclusion
• Chapter 21. Marine biodiversity and climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Climate change in the oceans
• 3. Effects of climate change on marine biodiversity
• 4. Cumulative impacts and indirect effects of climate change
• 5. Biodiversity as insurance against climate change impacts
• 6. Conclusions
• Chapter 22. Intertidal indicators of climate and global change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Climate change and biogeography
• 3. Mechanisms and microclimate
• 4. Additional impacts of global change
• 5. Conclusions
• Chapter 23. Lichens as an indicator of climate and global change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Predicted effects
• 3. Observed effects
• 4. Uncertain effects
• 5. Habitats with vulnerable lichens
• Chapter 24. Plant pathogens as indicators of climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Climatic variables and plant disease
• 3. Evidence that simulated climate change affects plant disease in experiments
• 4. Evidence that plant disease patterns have changed due to climate change
• Chapter 25. Invasive plants and climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. A brief introduction into plant invasions
• 3. How can climate change influence plant invasion success?
• 4. Current and projected levels of plant invasions under climate change
• 5. Can plant invasions influence climate change?
• 6. Conclusion
• Chapter 26. Biological diversity and climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. A quick history of biodiversity impact assessments
• 3. Observed changes in biodiversity
• 4. Future changes in biodiversity
• 5. IPCC’s reason for concern diagram
• 6. Are the Paris Accords effective to protect biodiversity?
• 7. Conclusions
• Chapter 27. The role of forests in the carbon cycle and in climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Climate change
• 3. Disturbance
• 4. Climate change—disturbance interaction
• 5. Reforestation/afforestation, restoration, and forest management
• 6. Conclusion
• IV. Other possible contributing factors to climate change
• Chapter 28. The variation of the Earth’s movements (orbital, tilt, and precession) and climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Astronomical parameters
• 3. Orbital-induced climate change
• 4. Conclusion
• Chapter 29. The role of volcanic activity in climate and global changes
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Aerosol loading, spatial distribution, and radiative effect
• 3. Volcanoes and climate
• 4. Summary
• Chapter 30. Atmospheric aerosols and their role in climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The life cycle of tropospheric aerosols
• 3. The spatial distribution of tropospheric aerosols
• 4. Aerosol–radiation interactions
• 5. Aerosol–cloud interactions
• 6. The net radiative forcing of aerosols
• 7. The role of aerosols in climate feedback mechanisms
• 8. The role of aerosols in potential climate engineering schemes
• Chapter 31. Climate change and agriculture
• Abbreviations
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Agriculture and climate change
• 3. Sources of emissions from agriculture
• 4. Accelerated soil erosion
• 5. Mitigation potential of agriculture
• 6. Conclusions
• Chapter 32. Changes in the Sun’s radiation: the role of widespread surface solar radiation trends in climate change: dimming and brightening
• 1. Introduction—solar radiation basics
• 2. Solar radiation above the atmosphere
• 3. Bottom of the atmosphere radiation
• 4. Trends in surface solar radiation, or global dimming and brightening
• 5. The causes of dimming and brightening
• 6. Influence of solar radiation changes (global dimming and brightening) on climate
• 7. Conclusions
• Chapter 33. Space weather and cosmic ray effects
• 1. Introduction and modern climate change models
• 2. Solar activity, cosmic rays, cloudiness, and climate change
• 3. The influence on the Earth’s climate of the solar system moving around the galactic center and crossing galaxy arms
• 4. The influence of molecular-dust galactic clouds on the Earth’s climate
• 5. The influence of interplanetary dust sources on the Earth’s climate
• 6. Influence of planetary dust sources (natural and anthropogenic) on the Earth’s climate
• 7. Cosmic rays/space factors and global warming
• 8. The influence of asteroids and great meteorites impacts on the Earth’s climate
• 9. The influence of nearby supernova on the Earth’s climate
• 10. Discussion and conclusions
• V. Societal aspects of global change
• Chapter 34. Engineering aspects of climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. The role of the engineer
• 3. Global greenhouse gases
• 4. Engineering aspects of the “spheres”
• 5. Engineering and the carbon cycle
• 6. Nutrient engineering
• 7. Albedo engineering
• 8. Engineering-based decision-making
• Chapter 35. Societal adaptation to climate change
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Risk and vulnerability
• 3. Disease occurrence and transmission
• 4. Ocean and large-scale surface water changes
• 5. Resilience
• 6. Extreme events
• 7. Food and water supply
• 8. Conclusions
• Index