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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Authors
• PART I Origin and Background of COVID-19
• Chapter 1 Introduction to Emerging Respiratory Viruses with Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
• Introduction
• New and Newly Recognized Respiratory Viruses
• Influenza Viruses
• H1N1 Influenza
• H2N2 Influenza
• Avian Influenza (AI)
• A(H7N9) Virus
• A(H5N1) Virus
• Other AI Viruses
• Hantavirus
• Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)
• Bocavirus
• Coronavirus
• HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
• Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
• SARS-CoV-2
• Timeline of the Emerging Viruses
• SARS-CoV-2
• Current Worldwide Scenario of SARS-CoV-2
• Time Line of the Outbreak
• Emergence of Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)
• Compression of Coronaviruses in Humans—SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19
• Prevention, Control, and Management Strategies from SARS-CoV-2
• Containment Strategies for SARS-CoV-2: Isolation, Quarantine
• Principles of Modern Quarantine
• Computational Technique of Analysis Effect of Containment Strategies
• SIR Model for Pandemics
• SIQR Model
• SEIR Model
• SEIRS Model
• Additional Preventions Tips for Community
• Case and Contact Management
• Community Containment
• Notes
• References
• Chapter 2 The Origin Molecular Structure, Function, and Evolution Insights of COVID-19: Morphogenesis and Spike Proteins
• Introduction
• Emergence of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2
• Classification of Coronaviruses
• Key Features and Entry Mechanism of Human Coronaviruses
• Morphology, Genomic Structure, and Its Variation of SARS-CoV-2
• Genome Sequencing
• Genome Structure
• Accessory Proteins
• Structural Proteins of Viral
• S Protein
• E Protein
• M Protein
• N Protein
• Structure, Function, Antigenicity, and ACE2 Recognition by the SARS- CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein
• SARS-CoV-2 S Protein CTD Interactions with Human ACE2 Receptor
• Correlation of the SARS-CoV-2-RBD and SARS-CoV-RBD Interaction with Human ACE2 Receptor
• Exhibits Distinct Epitope Features of SARS-CoV-2 on the RBD from SARS-CoV
• Computation Approach
• Q-UEL Methods
• Theory Behind the General Strategy
• Fundamental Principles of Epitope Prediction for Design of Synthetic Immunizations
• Q-UEL: A Knowledge Representation Toolkit
• Sources Data and Material
• Important Notation
• Results
• Machine Learning Clustering Technique
• Genome Sequence Analysis
• K-Means Cluster Algorithm
• Dataset
• Results
• Notes
• References
• PART II COVID-19 Screening, Testing and Detection Systems: Different Paths to the Same Destination
• Chapter 3 Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Antibody Test
• Introduction
• Real Time RT-PCR
• RT-PCR Method in Testing
• Principle Behind RT-PCR Testing
• How Does RT-PCR Work in Coronavirus Case?
• Nucleic Acid Testing
• Nucleic Acid Testing for SARS-CoV-2
• Integrating Nucleic Acid Detection with Clinical Management
• Device Description and Test Principle
• Description of Pooling
• Computational Technique of RT-PCR Test Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity Reconstruction for COVID-19
• Data and Methods
• Data
• Statistical Analysis
• Results
• Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Statistical Foundations of dPCR
• Binomial Probability and Poisson Approximation
• Quantification Accuracy
• Most Probable Number (MPN)
• Copy Number Variant (CNV) Applications
• Absolute Limit of Quantification Due to Specimen Sampling
• Hypothesis and Technological Implications
• Conclusion of the Statistical Foundations of dPCR
• Performance Metrics
• Sensitivity of Detection
• Dynamic Range of Detection
• Practical Considerations in the Reliability of dPCR Measurements-False-Negative/Positive Signals
• Miniaturization and Hyper-Compartmentalization
• Chamber Formats
• Computational Technique of ddPCR Test for Sensitivity Assessment of COVID-19
• Materials and Methods
• Specimens Collection, Storage, and Pooling
• Preparation of Groups of 16 and 32 Individuals
• Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by Grouped DPCR Testing
• Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by Routine Individual RT-PCR Testing
• Individual Confirmatory Testing for SARS-CoV-2 By RT-PCR and DPCR
• LoB/LoD Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 Detection Using DPCR
• Results
• Cohort Description from Routine RT-PCR Testing
• Results from Grouped DPCR Testing
• Detailed Results for DPCR in Groups of 8
• Detailed Results for DPCR in Groups of 16
• Detailed Results for DPCR in Groups of 32
• Investigation of RT-PCR-/dPCR+ Discordances
• Investigation of the Sample RT-PCR+/dPCR
• Correlation between DPCR Measurements and Ct Values
• References
• Chapter 4 Antigen–Antibody Reaction-Based Immunodiagnostics Method
• Introduction
• Definition of Basic Terms of Immunoassays for Disease
• The Immune System
• Immunoassays
• Serology Testing
• Antigens
• Antibodies
• Antibody Functions
• Affinity, Avidity, and Cross Reactivity
• Emerged Rapid Immunodiagnostic (Serology Immunoassays) Tests
• Lateral Flow Immunoassay
• Immunoenzymatic and Immunofluorimetric Assays
• SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Immune Response
• Viral Infectivity
• Immune Response to COVID-19 Disease
• COVID-19 Antibody Response: Pathogenic or Protective?
• Computational Method
• Immunoinformatics-Based Analysis
• Data and Material
• Predicting Potential Linear B-Cell Epitopes in SARS-CoV-2
• Prediction of Potential T-Cell Epitopes in SARS-CoV-2
• Prediction of Protective Antigens
• Analysis of Epitope Conservation and Population Coverage of T-Cell Epitopes
• Prediction of Allergenicity, Toxicity, and Possibilities of Autoimmune Reactions
• Result
• Support Vector Machine to Predict B-Cell
• Data and Material
• Methodology
• Performance Evaluation
• Result
• References
• PART III COVID-19 Detection: Advanced Image Processing with Artificial Intelligence Techniques
• Chapter 5 Lung Function Testing (LFT) with Normal CT Scans and AI Algorithm
• Introduction
• General Consideration of PFT for COVID-19
• Lung Structure
• Lung Function
• Review of Chest CT Findings in Early COVID-19 Studies
• Monitoring the Severity and Progression of COVID-19 with Chest CT
• Correlation of Testing with rRT-PCR and Chest CT
• The Ability to Differentiate Between COVID-19 Pneumonia and Other Pneumonias
• Deep Learning Architectures for CT SCAN
• Detection of COVID-19 Using UNet ConvNet
• UNeT ConvNet
• Data and Material
• Methodology
• Results
• Advantages of UNet
• Ensemble of Convolutional Autoencoder and Random Forest
• Data and Material
• Methodology
• Result Analysis
• Fully Connected Segmentation Neural Network (FCSegNet)
• Data and Material
• Methodology
• Implementation Details
• Result
• Note
• References
• Chapter 6 Chest X-Ray Image-Based Testing Using Machine Learning Techniques
• Introduction
• Chest X-Ray Imaging for COVID-19
• Ground Glass Opacity of COVID-19 Pneumonia
• Usually Affected Part of Lungs with COVID-19
• Reliability of Detecting COVID-19 Using Chest X-Ray
• Features and Limitations of Chest Radiographs in COVID-19
• Features
• Limitations
• Machine Learning Architectures for Chest X-Ray
• Ensemble Feature Optimization with KNN Classification
• Image-Based Classification Method
• Feature Selection
• Data and Metrical
• Methodology
• Results and Discussion
• Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
• Data and Material
• Methodology
• Result
• ResNet50, InceptionV3, and InceptionResNetV2 Models
• Data and Material
• Deep Transfer Learning
• Experimental Setup
• References
• Chapter 7 Blood Cell Microscope Image-Based Testing Using Deep Learning Techniques
• Introduction
• COVID-19 and Blood Analysis: A Case Study
• Computation Techniques
• YOLO Model
• Data and Material
• Methodology
• Result
• Parasitemia Evaluation Methods
• Preprocessing
• Parasites Detection
• Results
• Notes
• References
• PART IV Analysis of the Pre- and Post-Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis
• Chapter 8 Direct and Indirect Impacts of Environmental Factors on the COVID-19 Pandemic
• Introduction
• COVID-19 and Other Large-Scale Epidemic Diseases of the 21st Century
• COVID-19 Environmental Impacts
• Impacts on the Physical Systems of the Environment
• Air Quality and Local Climate
• Impact on Water Resources
• Impact on Aquatic Systems and Wildlife
• Impacts on the Ecological Systems
• Impacts on Environmental Dimension of the Global Affairs
• Environmental Monitoring and Climate Services
• Impacts on the Present Climate and Climate Change
• Artificial Intelligence Tools and Techniques to Measure and Analysis the Impact of COVID-19 on Environment
• Time Series Analysis
• The Study Area
• Materials and Methods
• Results
• Summary
• Notes
• References
• Chapter 9 Direct and Indirect Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis on Economy
• Introduction
• Impact Analysis from Past Epidemics as a Statistical Lesson
• Pandemic Scenario
• Global Pandemic Scenario
• Amplified Global Pandemic Scenario
• Global Economy Affection and Policies to Competing COVID-19
• Governments Policy
• Non-Government Business Policy
• Direct and Indirect Costs
• Direct Cost
• Indirect Cost
• Supply Shocks
• Demand Shocks and Fluctuation
• Computational Model for Visual Analysis of COVID-19’s Impact on the Global Economy
• Envisage Model
• World Supply Shock Capacity Reduction
• Trade Costs
• International Tourism
• Consumer Confidence and Demand Fluctuation
• COVID-19 and the Stock Market Uncertainty Analysis Using Time Series Model
• Method and Material
• Model Description
• Results and Discussion
• Coronavirus and Unemployment Rates
• Summary
• Notes
• Chapter 10 Direct and Indirect Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis on Food & Agriculture
• Introduction
• The Impact of COVID-19 on Agriculture-Food Market
• Food Supply
• Food Demand
• Immediate Impacts
• Food Security
• Labour Availability
• Farm System Resilience
• Agricultural System Connectivity
• Other Impacts and Questions
• Computation Model of Analysis
• Dynamic Panel Model
• Impact of Pandemic on Food Safety Level
• Data Description
• Results and Discussions
• Spatial Durbin Model
• Production Function and Growth Accounting Model
• Data and Summary Statistics
• Results and Discussion
• Time Series Analysis
• Economic Impact on Agriculture: World
• Economic Impact on Agriculture: India
• Summary
• Notes
• References
• Chapter 11 Direct and Indirect Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis on Hotels, Tour and Travel Sectors
• Introduction
• Current Situation in the Tourism Sector
• COVID-19 Circumstances and Tourism
• COVID-19: Dismantling and Re-Mantling Tourism in Three Stages
• Tourism Demand
• Tourism Supply—Businesses
• Destination Management Organizations and Policymakers
• Impact of the Current Crisis on Tourism Destinations
• Chile Tourism
• Mexico Tourism
• Spain Tourism
• China Tourism
• The United Kingdom Tourism
• Turkey Tourism
• Thailand Tourism
• Global Impact
• Computational Models for Tourism Demand Forecasting
• LSTM Model
• Methodology & Data
• Support Vector Regression (SVR)
• Shock
• Fear
• Result and Discussion
• Expected Impactful Sectors Analysis
• Airlines Sector
• Cruise Industry
• Fair Industry
• Tourist Apartment
• Business Travel
• Nightly Leisure
• Fashion and Luxury (Shopping Tourism)
• Notes
• References
• Chapter 12 Direct and Indirect Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis on Human Physical and Physiological Health
• Introduction
• Impact of COVID-19 and Physical Inactivity on The Immune System
• COVID-19, Physical Activity, and the Respiratory System
• Impact of COVID-19 and Physical Inactivity on Cardiovascular System
• Impact of COVID-19 and Physical Inactivity on Musculoskeletal System
• COVID-19 Infection and the Brain Function
• Does SARS-Cov-2 Infection Threaten and Damage the Brain?
• Can Physical Fitness Protect or Attenuate the Consequences of Infection?
• Recommendation to Fight Against COVID-19-Associated Neurological and Mental Disorders
• Impact of COVID-19 on Older Adults
• Possible Effects of COVID-19 on Muscle Atrophy and Physical Function
• Are Frailty and Sarcopenia Possible Outcomes of COVID-19?
• Computational Approach to Analysis Impact of COVID-19 on Human Physiological Health
• Literature Review
• Textual Analytics
• Twitter Analytics
• Classification Methods
• Methods and Textual Data Analytics
• Exploratory Textual Analytics
• Data Acquisition and Preparation
• Word and Phrase Associations
• Geo-Tagged Analytics
• Association with Non-Textual Variables
• Sentiment Analytics
• Machine Learning with Classification Methods
• Naïve Bayes Classifier
• Logistic Regression
• A Digital Mental Health Revolution
• Telehealth
• Mental Health Smartphone Applications
• Texting Applications
• Social Media
• Notes
• References
• Index