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• Foundations of Modern Global Seismology
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• Preface
• Part I – Observational foundations of global seismology
• Part II: Theoretical foundations of seismology
• Part I Observational foundations
• 1 An overview of global seismology
• 1.1 The foundation of seismology: seismograms
• 1.2 The historical development of global seismology
• 1.3 The topics of global seismology
• 1.3.1 Seismic sources
• 1.3.2 Earthquake sources involving shear faulting
• 1.3.3 Seismic waves and seismograms
• 1.3.4 Quantification of earthquakes
• 1.3.5 Earthquake geographic distributions
• 1.3.6 Global faulting patterns and earthquake models
• 1.3.7 Earth’s interior: radial Earth layering
• 1.3.8 Heterogeneous Earth models
• 1.3.9 Summary
• 1.4 Appendix: Great earthquakes, 1900-mid2020
• 2 An overview of earthquake and seismic-wave mechanics
• 2.1 Stress
• 2.2 Strain and rotation
• 2.3 Hooke’s law
• 2.3.1 Elastic potential energy
• 2.4 Earthquakes: conceptual models
• 2.4.1 Elastic rebound
• 2.4.2 Rock friction and frictional sliding
• 2.4.3 Anelastic processes and postseismic relaxation
• 2.4.4 Earthquake scaling relations & stress drop
• 2.4.5 Stress drop, particle velocity, and rupture velocity
• 2.5 Seismic-waves: the elastic equations of motion
• 2.5.1 Harmonic motion
• 2.5.2 Seismic-wave attenuation
• Damped harmonic motion
• The quality factor, Q
• 2.5.3 Seismic wave attenuation in Earth
• 2.6 Summary
• 3 Earthquakes and plate tectonics
• 3.1 Divergent boundaries
• 3.2 Transcurrent boundaries
• 3.3 Convergent boundaries
• 3.3.1 Subduction zones
• 3.3.2 Continental collisions
• 3.4 Intraplate earthquakes
• 3.5 Summary
• 4 Earth motions & seismometry
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.1.1 Seismic stations, networks, and arrays
• 4.2 Earthquake-related ground motions
• 4.3 Earth’s continuous background motion
• 4.3.1 Ambient background motion power spectra
• 4.3.2 Power spectral density and time-domain ground motions
• 4.3.3 Horizontal and vertical ambient ground motions
• 4.3.4 Diurnal variation in ambient ground motions
• 4.3.5 Seasonal ambient ground motion variations
• 4.3.6 Reducing ambient motions in seismic data
• 4.4 Seismographic systems
• 4.4.1 Inertial pendulum seismometers
• 4.4.2 Electromagnetic seismographs
• 4.4.3 Digital recording and force-feedback sensors
• 4.5 Working with modern seismograms
• 4.5.1 Digital seismic recording systems
• 4.5.2 Removing instrument effects
• 4.5.3 Poles and zeros
• 4.5.4 Digital filters and signal decimation
• 4.5.5 Removing an instrument response by deconvolution
• 4.6 Seismometry’s future
• 4.6.1 Seismometers everywhere
• 4.7 Summary
• 5 Seismogram interpretation and processing
• 5.1 Terminology for seismograms
• 5.2 Characteristics of body wave seismograms
• 5.2.1 Local, regional, and upper mantle
• 5.2.2 Teleseismic
• 5.3 Surface-waves
• 5.4 Travel-time curves
• 5.5 Signal processing basics
• 5.5.1 Time representation of seismic signals
• 5.5.2 Frequency-domain representation of seismic signals
• 5.5.3 Convolution
• 5.6 Picking arrival times
• 5.7 Summary
• 6 An introduction to earthquake location
• 6.1 Seismic arrival times
• 6.1.1 Seismic travel-time curves
• 6.2 Earthquake location with information from a single station
• 6.2.1 Inferring seismic source properties from seismogram characteristics
• 6.2.2 Inferring station-to-source distance & origin time using arrival times
• 6.2.3 Inferring station-to-source direction using ground motion polarization
• 6.3 Earthquake location with information from a seismic network
• 6.3.1 Epicenter estimation with tS – tP measurements
• 6.3.2 Origin-time estimation with Wadati diagrams
• 6.3.3 Refining locations using arrival-time residuals
• 6.4 Earthquake location as an inverse problem
• 6.4.1 A least-squares optimal location estimate
• 6.4.2 Halfspace arrival-time partial derivatives
• A numerical location example
• 6.5 Relative earthquake location methods
• 6.5.1 Master-event methods
• 6.5.2 Joint epicenter/hypocenter determination methods
• 6.5.3 Double-difference methods
• 6.6 Summary
• 7 Earthquake size & descriptive earthquake statistics
• 7.1 The energy in seismic waves
• 7.2 Earthquake magnitude scales
• 7.2.1 Local magnitude (ML)
• 7.2.2 Body-wave magnitude
• 7.2.3 Surface-wave magnitude (MS)
• 7.2.4 Other magnitude scales
• Regional magnitude, mb(Lg)
• Seismic coda magnitude
• 7.2.5 Magnitude saturation
• 7.3 Seismic energy, magnitude, and moment magnitude
• 7.4 Descriptive earthquake statistics
• 7.4.1 The Gutenberg-Richter relationship
• 7.4.2 Earthquake occurrence rates
• 7.5 Patterns in earthquake sequences
• 7.5.1 Foreshock patterns and earthquake nucleation
• 7.5.2 Aftershock patterns and rupture area
• 7.6 Earthquake catalogs
• 7.6.1 Modern earthquake catalogs
• 7.7 Summary
• 8 Earthquake prediction, forecasting, & early warning
• 8.1 The earthquake cycle
• 8.2 Paleoseismology
• 8.3 Earthquake prediction
• 8.3.1 Long-term deformation and earthquake migration patterns
• 8.3.2 Precursory phenomena
• 8.4 Earthquake forecasting and hazard estimation
• 8.5 Earthquake interactions and triggering
• 8.5.1 Static triggering
• 8.5.2 Dynamic triggering
• 8.5.3 Other triggering
• 8.6 Earthquake early warning
• 8.7 Summary
• 9 Tsunami and tsunami warning
• 9.1 Tsunami excitation
• 9.2 Tsunami propagation
• 9.3 Tsunami observation and monitoring
• 9.3.1 Onshore tsunami measurements
• 9.4 Tsunami forecasting and warning
• 9.5 Summary
• 10 Earth structure
• 10.1 Global Earth structure
• 10.2 Crustal structure
• 10.3 Upper-mantle structure
• 10.3.1 Discontinuities and anisotropy
• 10.4 Upper mantle heterogeneity
• 10.5 Lower-mantle structure
• 10.6 Structure of the core
• 10.7 Summary
• Part II Theoretical foundations
• 11 Elasticity and seismic waves
• 11.1 Deformation, deformation gradients, and strain
• 11.1.1 Displacement gradients, strain, and rotation
• Normal strains
• Shear strains
• Rigid-body rotation
• 11.2 Stress
• 11.2.1 The stress tensor
• 11.2.2 Cauchy’s relation
• Representative absolute stresses within Earth
• 11.2.3 The conservation of linear momentum – the equations of equilibrium
• 11.2.4 Conservation of angular momentum stress tensor symmetry
• 11.2.5 Principal stresses
• Tensors and tensor rotation
• 11.3 The equation of motion
• 11.3.1 Hooke’s law and linear elasticity
• Isotropic elastic materials
• Elastic moduli and parameters
• 11.3.2 The equations of motion for linearly elastic materials
• 11.4 Wave equations for P- and S-wave potentials
• 11.4.1 The one-dimensional wave equation and solutions
• General solutions of the 1D wave equation
• Harmonic solutions of the 1D wave equation
• An approximate solution for an inhomogeneous 1D medium
• 11.4.2 Three-dimensional wave solutions
• Plane-wave phase and wavenumber vectors
• P- and S-wave displacements
• Wave polarization on seismograms
• 11.5 Seismic-wave speeds in Earth materials
• 12 Body waves and ray theory – travel times
• 12.1 Wavefronts and rays
• 12.2 The Eikonal equations and seismic rays
• 12.3 Travel times in media with depth-dependent properties
• 12.3.1 The seismic ray parameter (horizontal slowness)
• 12.3.2 Ray-path curvature
• 12.3.3 Distance and travel-time formulas
• 12.3.4 Travel-time curves for continuous media
• 12.4 Travel times in spherical Earth models
• 12.4.1 Travel-time expressions for spherical Earth models
• 12.5 Travel times in layered Earth models
• The layer-over-a-halfspace model
• Hidden layers and blind zones
• 12.6 Body-wave travel-time tables
• 13 Body-waves and ray theory – amplitudes
• 13.1 Geometric spreading in vertically varying media
• 13.2 Geometric spreading in spherical Earth models
• 13.2.1 Seismic-wave energy and amplitude
• 13.3 Body-wave attenuation
• 13.3.1 The standard-linear-solid attenuation model
• 13.3.2 Estimating Q in the seismic band
• 13.4 Seismic-wave reflection & transmission across geologic boundaries
• 13.4.1 P-waves at a fluid-fluid boundary
• Reflection variation with incidence angle / slowness
• 13.4.2 SH-waves at a solid-solid boundary
• 13.4.3 P- & S-waves at a solid-solid boundary
• 13.4.4 P- & S-waves at a solid-fluid boundary
• 13.4.5 P-S-wave reflection at a free surface
• The free-surface receiver functions
• 13.5 Body-wave energy flux factors
• 14 Surface waves
• 14.1 Halfspace Rayleigh waves
• 14.1.1 Halfspace Rayleigh-wave speed
• 14.1.2 Halfspace Rayleigh-wave displacements
• A Poisson solid
• Surface-wave geometric spreading
• 14.2 Love waves in a layer over a halfspace
• 14.3 Dispersion
• 14.3.1 Discrete dispersion
• 14.3.2 Continuous dispersion
• 14.3.3 Calculating group velocity
• 14.4 Dispersion on seismograms
• 14.4.1 Measuring dispersion
• Group-velocity estimation
• Phase-velocity estimation
• 14.4.2 Surface-wave dispersion and shallow Earth structure
• 14.5 Surface waves on a sphere
• 14.6 Surface-wave amplitude and attenuation
• 14.6.1 Geometric spreading
• 14.6.2 Attenuation
• 15 Free oscillations
• 15.1 A vibrating string
• 15.2 A vibrating sphere
• 15.3 Earth’s free oscillations
• 15.3.1 Observing Earth’s natural frequencies of vibration
• Mode splitting
• Mode coupling
• 15.4 Attenuation of free oscillations
• 15.5 Building models of Earth’s interior using normal modes
• 16 Seismic point-source models
• 16.1 An ideal explosion
• 16.2 Faulting sources
• 16.2.1 Shear-faulting nomenclature
• 16.3 Earthquake P-wave “first motions”
• 16.4 Equivalent body forces for seismic sources
• 16.4.1 Seismic point-force sources
• 16.4.2 An ideal explosion
• 16.4.3 An ideal earthquake
• 16.4.3.1 Equivalent body force system non-uniqueness
• 16.5 Seismic moment tensors
• 16.5.1 Moment tensors and shear faulting
• Shear-faulting moment tensors in principle-axis coordinates
• Computing fault-normal and slip vectors from a moment tensor
• Computing seismic moment from a moment tensor
• 16.5.2 Non-double-couple seismic sources
• Moment-tensor decompositions
• 17 Seismic point-source radiation patterns
• 17.1 Elastostatics
• 17.1.1 Static displacement field due to a single force
• 17.1.2 Static displacement field due to a force couple
• 17.1.3 Static displacement field due to a double couple
• 17.2 Elastodynamics
• 17.2.1 Elastodynamic point-force displacements
• 17.2.2 Elastodynamic single-couple displacements
• 17.2.3 Moment-tensor radiation patterns
• 17.2.4 Elastodynamic double-couple displacements
• 17.3 Double-couple radiation patterns in geographic coordinates
• 17.3.1 Body-waves
• 17.3.2 Surface-waves
• 17.4 Estimating faulting geometry
• 17.4.1 P-wave first motion modeling
• 18 Earthquake rupture and source time functions
• 18.1 Rock fracture and fault rupture
• Earthquake rupture dynamics
• 18.1.1 Simple moment-rate function shapes
• 18.2 The one-dimensional Haskell source model
• 18.2.1 Rupture directivity
• 18.3 Seismic source spectra
• 18.3.1 Simple earthquake spectra models
• 18.3.2 Earthquake self similarity
• 18.4 Earthquake-slip heterogeneity
• 18.5 Source-spectrum estimation
• 18.5.1 Source-spectrum estimation
• 18.6 Source-time function estimation
• 18.6.1 Body waves
• 18.6.2 Surface waves
• Empirical Green’s functions
• 19 Imaging seismic-sources
• 19.1 Body waveform modeling – a point source
• 19.1.1 Fundamental fault responses
• 19.1.2 Teleseismic body-wave modeling
• 19.1.3 Moment-tensor inversion
• 19.1.4 Time-dependent moment-tensor inversion
• 19.2 Surface-wave modeling for the seismic source
• 19.3 Global centroid moment-tensor solutions
• 19.4 Iterative sub-event identification
• 19.5 Earthquake finite-fault models
• 20 Imaging Earth’s interior
• 20.1 Earth structure estimation using travel times
• 20.1.1 Herglotz-Wiechert inversion
• 20.1.2 Seismic traveltime tomography
• 20.1.3 Amplitude attenuation tomography
• 20.1.4 Surface-wave dispersion tomography
• 20.2 Discrete geophysical inversion
• 20.2.1 Surface-wave dispersion modeling
• 20.3 Earth structure estimation using seismic amplitudes and waveforms
• 20.3.1 P-wave receiver-function modeling
• 20.4 Full seismogram inversion
• Bibliography
• Index
• Back Cover