Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half title
• Title page
• Imprints page
• Contents
• Preface
• 1 History, science, and psychology
• Historiography of psychology
• Internal and external history
• Zeitgeist and great man history
• Presentist and contextualist history
• Conceptual history of psychology
• History of psychology as an academic discipline
• Science and psychology
• Objectivity
• Causal explanation
• Empirical evaluation
• Atomism
• Universality of causal explanation
• Ontological Invariance
• Explanatory reduction
• Experimentation and empiricism
• Philosophy, physiology, and science
• 2 Ancient Greek science and psychology
• Greek science
• The naturalists
• The formalists
• The physicians
• Aristotle: the science of the psyche
• Theoretical science
• Causality and teleology
• Aristotle’s psychology
• Materialism and psychological explanation
• Functionalism in Aristotle
• Consciousness and vitality
• 3 Rome and the medieval period
• The Roman age
• Rome and science
• The decline of the Roman Empire
• Neoplatonism and Christianity
• Christianity and pagan thought
• Medieval psychology
• Islam
• European recovery: reason and faith
• The Christian Church and Aristotelian philosophy
• The inner senses
• Medieval christianity and science
• Witches and demons
• Natural fools and accidie
• Empiriks
• The end of the medieval period
• 4 The scientific revolution
• Renaissance and Reformation
• The scientific revolution
• The Copernican revolution
• Realism and instrumentalism
• Galileo and the new science
• Andreas Vesalius and the scientific revolution in medicine
• Francis Bacon and the inductive method
• Social dimensions of science
• The Newtonian synthesis
• Man the machine
• René Descartes: mind and mechanism
• Descartes’ science
• Animal automatism
• Mind and body
• Machine and animal intelligence
• Endogenous vitalism
• Introspection and images
• La Mettrie: machine man
• Organized matter
• Machines and morality
• Thomas Hobbes: empiricism, materialism, and individualism
• Mental mechanism and stimulus–response psychology
• 5 The Newtonian psychologists
• The Newtonian psychologists
• Newtonian science
• John Locke: the under-laborer for Newtonian science
• Psychological and meaning empiricism
• Primary and secondary qualities
• Consciousness
• The association of ideas
• George Berkeley: constancy and coherence
• Cogeries of sensible impressions
• Sign and signified
• Distance perception
• David Hume: mental mechanism
• Impressions and ideas
• Mental mechanism
• Causality as constant conjunction
• The empiricist conception of causal explanation
• Hume’s moral psychology
• David Hartley: the neurology of association
• Sensationalists and Idéologues in France
• Critical responses to Newtonian psychology
• Realism and common sense
• Rationalist reaction
• Leibniz and apperception
• Kant and the categories
• Something completely different
• Toward a science of psychology
• 6 Physiology and psychology
• Positivism
• Associationist psychology
• James Mill: points of consciousness
• John Stuart Mill: mental chemistry and unconscious inference
• Psychological science
• Unconscious inference
• Alexander Bain: psychology and physiology
• Voluntary behavior
• Cerebral localization
• Franz Joseph Gall: phrenology
• Empirical and biological psychology
• Applied phrenology
• Pierre Flourens: experimental physiology
• Experimental ablation
• The functional unity of the cerebral cortex
• François Magendie: the Bell–Magendie law
• Sensory and motor nerves
• Cognition and sensory-motor function
• Pierre-Paul Broca: aphasia
• Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig: the excitability of the cerebral cortex
• The sensory-motor theory of the nervous system
• Ideomotor behavior
• Epiphenomenalism
• Control and inhibition
• Experimental physiology in Germany
• Johannes Müller: experimental physiology
• Vitalism and the Berlin Physical Society
• Emil du Bois-Reymond: electrophysiology
• Hermann von Helmholtz: physiological psychology
• Perception as unconscious inference
• Ivan Sechenov: inhibition
• Gustav Fechner: psychophysics
• Physiological psychology and objective psychology
• 7 Theories of evolution
• Early evolutionary theories
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: the inheritance of acquired characteristics
• Herbert Spencer: evolution as a cosmic principle
• Spencer’s theory of evolution
• Social Darwinism
• Evolutionary psychology
• Spencer’s impact
• Charles Darwin: evolution by natural selection
• The voyage of the Beagle
• The theory of evolution by natural selection
• Darwin’s delay
• The reception of Darwin’s theory
• The Descent of Man
• Darwinism, racism, and sexism
• Neo-Darwinism
• Darwin’s influence on psychology
• Francis Galton: individual differences and eugenics
• Individual differences
• Nature and nurture
• Eugenics
• Mental evolution and comparative psychology
• Spalding on instinct
• George John Romanes: animal intelligence
• Romanes’ methodology
• Conwy Lloyd Morgan: Morgan’s canon and emergent evolution
• Morgan’s canon
• Emergent evolution
• Stimulus–response psychology
• 8 Psychology in Germany
• Psychology in Germany before Wundt
• Johann Friedrich Herbart: dynamic psychology
• Wilhelm Wundt: physiological psychology
• The Leipzig laboratory
• Physiological psychology
• Experimental methods
• Wundt’s psychology
• Völkerpsychologie
• Wundt’s legacy
• Wundt’s American students
• German psychology beyond Leipzig
• Hermann Ebbinghaus: on memory
• Georg Elias Müller: the experimentalist
• Franz Brentano: intentionality
• Carl Stumpf: the Berlin Institute of Experimental Psychology
• Oswald Külpe: the Würzburg School
• The Würzburg Institute
• Imageless thoughts and determining tendencies
• The modern investigation of thinking
• The controversy with Wundt
• Gestalt psychology
• The Phi phenomenon
• Relational elements
• Good form
• Koffka and Köhler
• Gestalt psychology and field theory
• The support for Gestalt psychology
• The legacy of Gestalt psychology
• Applied psychology in Germany
• 9 Psychology in America: the early years
• Psychology and the development of the American University
• The success of psychology
• Philosophy and psychology
• Applied psychology
• James and Münsterberg at Harvard
• William James
• The Metaphysical Society
• James’ psychology
• James’ influence
• Hugo Münsterberg
• Popular and applied psychology
• Ladd and Scripture at Yale
• Hall at Johns Hopkins and Clark
• Johns Hopkins and the new psychology
• Clark and genetic psychology
• The American Psychological Association
• Adolescence and sex
• Old age
• Applying the Wundtian skeleton: Cattell, Witmer, Scott, and Wolfe
• James McKeen Cattell: mental testing
• Lightner Witmer: clinical psychology
• Walter Dill Scott: industrial psychology
• Harry Kirke Wolfe: scientific pedagogy
• Edward B. Titchener and structural psychology
• Structural psychology
• Inspection and introspection
• Völkerpsychologie and applied psychology
• The Experimentalists
• Imageless thought
• The eclipse of structural psychology
• Scientific and applied psychology
• 10 Functionalism, behaviorism, and mental testing
• The turn to applied psychology
• Functional psychology
• Baldwin and Titchener on reaction time
• Individual differences
• John Dewey: purpose and adaptation
• The reflex arc
• James Rowland Angell: the province of functional psychology
• The utilities of consciousness
• Functional psychology as American psychology
• Social engineering
• Behaviorism
• Background to behaviorism
• Early forms of behaviorism
• William McDougall: purposive behaviorism
• Animal psychology
• The albino rat
• Criteria of the psychic
• Edward L. Thorndike: the law of effect
• The law of effect
• Connectionism
• Educational psychology
• Ivan Pavlov: classical conditioning
• Conditioned reflexes
• Bechterev and motor reflexes
• John B. Watson: psychology as the behaviorist views it
• Watson’s behaviorism
• Cognition as motor response
• The reception of Watson’s behaviorism
• Learning and conditioning
• Life’s little difficulties
• Watson’s environmentalism
• Last years
• Mental testing, immigration, and sterilization
• The Binet–Simon intelligence test
• Goddard and the feebleminded
• The First World War and the army testing project
• Putting psychology on the map
• Immigration and sterilization
• The status of applied psychology
• 11 Neobehaviorism, radical behaviorism, and problems of behaviorism
• Neobehaviorism
• Logical positivism
• Operationism
• Edward C. Tolman: purposive behaviorism
• Purposive behaviorism
• Intervening variables and hypothetical constructs
• Clark L. Hull: a Newtonian behavioral system
• Intervening variables and cognitive constructs
• Neobehaviorist theory and operational definition
• What is learned?
• Theoretical meaning and operational measures
• Radical behaviorism
• Operant conditioning
• Explanatory fictions
• Radical behaviorism
• The Second World War and the professionalization of academic psychology
• Psychological contributions to the war effort
• The reorganization of the American Psychological Association
• Postwar expansion
• Problems of behaviorism
• Chomsky’s critique of Skinner
• The misbehavior of organisms
• Contiguity and frequency
• Consciousness and conditioning
• The neurophysiology of learning
• The eve of the cognitive revolution
• 12 The cognitive revolution
• Information theory
• Claude Shannon: communication theory
• Norbert Wiener: cybernetics
• Donald Broadbent: information processing
• Computers and cognition
• Turing machines
• ENIAC and EDVAC
• Computer simulation of cognitive processes
• Artificial intelligence
• Cognitive psychology
• Jerome Bruner: higher mental processes
• George Miller: cognitive science
• Strategies, programs, and plans
• Ulric Neisser: cognitive psychology
• The cognitive revolution
• The cognitive revolution
• The cognitive revolution as paradigm shift
• From intervening variables to cognitive hypothetical constructs
• Cognition and behavior
• Structuralism and anthropomorphism
• The cognitive tradition
• Critical reaction
• The second century
• 13 Abnormal and clinical psychology
• Neuroses, alienists, and psychiatry
• The reform of asylums
• Magnetism, mesmerism, and hypnosis
• Freud and psychoanalysis
• Studies on hysteria
• Psychosexual development
• The reception of Freud’s theory
• The scientific status of Freud’s theory
• Scientific psychology and abnormal psychology
• ECT, lobotomy, and psychopharmacology
• Psychoactive drugs and institutional care
• The myth of mental illness
• Postwar clinical psychology
• Clinical training
• Humanistic psychology
• Into the twenty-first century
• Epilogue: the past and future of scientific psychology
• Index