Efnisyfirlit

• Half title
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• List of Illustrations
• Foreword
• 1 Introduction
• A Short Characterization of Present-Day Psychology
• The Present Approach to the Study of the History of Psychology
• How Did Empirical Psychology Originate?
• Edwin Boring’s Book on the History of Psychology
• History as University Politics
• Philosophy and Scientific Empirical Psychology
• Sigmund Koch’s View of the History of Psychology
• Expansion in Natural Science
• Where Did Psychology Originate?
• The Emergence of Scientific Psychology
• Why Is Psychology Changing?
• Progress in Empirical Psychology
• Scientific Psychology Has a Basis in Everyday Knowledge
• No Simple Criteria for the Assessment of Progress in Empirical Research
• Plan for the Book
• 2 The Scientific and Intellectual Environment of the Mid-1800s
• A New View of Body and Soul
• Immediate Experience: The Soul Detached from the Body
• Progress in the Study of the Brain
• The Concept of the Reflex in Philosophy and Early Physiology
• Positivism and British Empiricist Philosophy
• Auguste Comte (1798-1857): A Society Governed by Science
• Science and Society
• John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
• Scientific Thinking During the 1800s: Mechanism and Positivism
• The Emergence of Mechanistic Views in Psychology
• Ernst Mach (1838-1916)
• The Scientific Ideal of Later Positivism: Accurate Observation and Description
• 3 The Early Physiological Study of Perception
• German Experimental Psychology (1850-1940): Introduction to Chapters 3, 4, and 5
• German Society and Culture
• The German University System
• Description of the Mental Experience
• Psychophysics
• Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795-1878)
• Gustav Theodor Fechner (1802-1887)
• Johannes Müller (1801-1858)
• Müller and Helmholtz on the Law of the So-called Specific Nerve Energies
• Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)
• The Speed of Conduction in Nerves
• Studies in Perception
• Helmholtz’s General View of Perception
• Perception as Interpretation and Construction
• Müller and Helmholtz on Attention
• Helmholtz on Science and Psychology
• Physicalism in Physiology
• Proximate and Ultimate Explanations
• Ewald Hering (1834-1918): An Alternative Approach to Perception
• Emphasis on Phenomenological Description
• Biological Mechanisms Behind Perception
• 4 Expansion of German Experimental Psychology
• Central Figures in Early German Experimental Psychology
• Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
• A Short Biography
• Idealist or Positivist? Wundt’s Philosophical System
• Wundt’s Scientific Psychology
• The Subject Matter of Psychology
• Wundt’s View of Method
• Wundt’s Psychological System
• Sensations and Feelings
• Perception and Apperception
• Empirical Research in the Leipzig Laboratory
• Concluding Remarks About Wundt
• Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
• Verbal Learning and Memory: A Quantitative Approach
• Evaluation of Ebbinghaus
• Georg Elias Müller (1850-1934)
• Müller’s Research
• Oswald Külpe (1862-1915) and the Würzburg School
• Külpe’s Introduction to Psychology
• The Research of the Würzburg School
• Imageless Thought
• Thinking as a Result of the Task
• Otto Selz (1881-1944)
• Concluding Remarks on the Würzburg School
• William Preyer (1842-1897) and the Absence of Ontogenesis in German Experimental Psychology
• 5 Phenomenology and Gestalt Psychology
• A New Generation’s View of Perception: Focus on Wholes
• Phenomenology: A Historical Outline
• Franz Clemens Brentano (1838-1917)
• Brentano’s View of Empirical Psychology
• Husserl’s Pure Phenomenology
• Phenomenology and Introspection
• Rubin’s Studies of Figure-Ground
• The Idea of Gestalt Qualities: Christian von Ehrenfels (1859-1932)
• Carl Stumpf (1848-1936): Perception of Relationships
• Part-Whole
• German Psychology from World War I to World War II
• Gestalt Psychology
• The Study of Whole and Form
• The Triumvirate: Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler
• Max Wertheimer (1880-1941)
• Kurt Koffka (1886-1943)
• Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967)
• The Empirical Research of the Gestalt Psychologists
• Stroboscopic Movement and the phi-Phenomenon
• The Brain as a Field of Force
• Relationships Between Consciousness and Physiology
• The Gestalt Laws
• An Evaluation of the Gestalt Laws
• The Perceptual Constancies
• Relationships as Explanation of the Constancies
• The Study of Thinking
• Köhler’s Studies of Thinking in Chimpanzees
• Animal Studies of Perceptual Constancy
• Wertheimer’s View of Problem Solving and Teaching
• Problem Solving as a Successive Reformulation of the Problem
• Functional Fixedness
• Evaluation of Gestalt Psychology
• Kurt Lewin (1890-1947)
• A Short Biography
• Lewin and Gestalt Psychology
• Lewin’s Field Theory
• An Evaluation of Lewin’s Field Theory
• Lewin on Conflicts and Motivation
• Noncompleted Tasks
• Desires and Self-Esteem: Level of Aspiration
• Dembo’s Study of Anger
• An Evaluation of Lewin’s View of the Person and the Situation
• 6 Early British Psychology
• British Social Life and Culture
• The Study of Evolution
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
• Darwin as a Product of British Science and Social Life
• Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
• A Functional View of Consciousness
• Evolution of the Intellect
• Francis Galton (1822-1911)
• Galton’s Life
• Galton on Heredity and Environment
• The Program of Eugenics
• Galton on Individual Differences and Intelligence
• Associative Connections and Mental Representations
• Summary and Evaluation
• Alexander Bain (1818-1903): New Ideas of Learning by Association
• Bain’s Life
• 7 British Comparative Psychology
• The Intellectual Capacities of Humans and Animals
• Georges Romanes (1848-1894)
• Conway Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936)
• Leonard Hobhouse (1864-1928)
• Instincts: Innate or Learned?
• Douglas Spalding (1840-1877)
• Morgan on Instincts and Behavior
• The Problem of Motivation
• William McDougall (1871-1938)
• European Ethology
• The Inner Source of Energy
• 8 Russian Reflexology
• Political and Cultural Setting
• Ivan Sechenov (1829-1905)
• A Short Biography
• The Nervous System as a Machine
• Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936)
• A Short Biography
• Behavior and Thinking as Reflexes
• Conditioned Reflexes
• Vladimir M. Bekhterev (1857-1927)
• Bekhterev’s Life
• Disagreements Between Bekhterev and Pavlov
• 9 The Study of Clinical Psychology and Unusual Mental States in France
• A Sketch of the History of Psychiatry in the Nineteenth Century: Introduction to Chapters 9 and 10
• The Era of Asylums
• Historical and Social Background
• The French University and Educational System
• Politics, Philosophy, and Psychology
• The Study of Hypnosis
• Johannes Gassner (1729-1779)
• Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
• Beliefs Concerning Hypnosis Within Science
• Interest in Abnormal Mental States
• Hysteria and Neurosis
• Jean-Martin Charcot (1835-1893)
• Hippolyte Bernheim (1849-1919): Criticism of Charcot
• Positivist Attitudes to Psychology
• Théodule-Armand Ribot (1839-1916)
• Hippolyte Taine (1828-1893)
• Pierre Janet (1859-1947)
• A Brief Biography
• A Link Between Wundt and Freud
• Automatism as Element, and Hypnosis as Method
• Automatisms, Mental Disorders, and the Unconscious
• An Evaluation of Janet’s Contributions
• Alfred Binet (1857-1911)
• The Psychology of Thinking
• Individual Differences
• The Development of Intelligence Tests
• What is Intelligence?
• Claude Bernard (1813-1870)
• The Later Development of French Psychology
• 10 Psychodynamic Psychology
• Vienna During the Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1906)
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• A Sketch of Freud’s Life
• Freud’s Ideas of a Scientific Psychology and Procedure
• Freud’s Concept of the Unconscious
• Freud’s View of Motivation and Sexuality
• Structure and Mode of Operation of the Psyche
• Summary and General Conclusions
• Emil Kraepelin and Freud
• Ego Psychology
• Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms
• Object Relations Theory
• Erik Erikson (1902-1992)
• Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1963)
• Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
• 11 Early American Psychology (1890-1920)
• Some Features of Nineteenth-Century American Society
• Science Directed Towards Practical Life
• Foundations of Early American Psychology
• Pragmatism
• William James (1842-1910)
• A Biographical Sketch
• James on Subject Matter and Methods in the Study of Psychology
• James on Instincts and Habits
• Attempt at Describing Consciousness
• Thoughts About a Self
• The Nature of Attention
• Of Emotions
• Of the Will
• Evaluation of James’s Contributions
• Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1922)
• Hall’s Background
• Studies of Childhood and Adolescence
• Hall’s Contributions
• John Dewey (1859-1952)
• A Biographical Sketch
• Dewey’s Philosophy
• Dewey on the Reflex Arc
• James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934)
• A Biographical Sketch
• The Study of Socialization as a Bridge Between Sociology and Psychology
• Baldwin’s Idea of a Genetic Epistemology and Contributions to Biology
• George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)
• The Relationship Between the Individual and Society
• An Evaluation of Mead
• Applied Psychology and Professionalization of Psychology
• James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944)
• Educational Psychology and Professionalization
• Intelligence Tests
• Applied Psychology in Public and Private Administration
• US Comparative Psychology
• Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927)
• James Rowland Angell (1869-1949) and Functionalism
• 12 Behaviorism
• Innovations in Psychology in the United States: Introduction to Chapters 12-15
• Core Ideas in US Behaviorism
• The Stimulus-Response Paradigm
• Concentration on the Study of Learning
• Emphasis on Environmental Factors
• Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949)
• A Biographical Sketch
• Thorndike’s Move from a Spencerian to a Behaviorist Position
• Thorndike’s Experimental Studies
• An Evaluation of Thorndike’s Experiments
• Thorndike and His British Precursors
• Thorndike’s Later Research
• Thorndike on Comparative Psychology
• John Broadus Watson (1878-1958)
• A Biography
• Loeb: A Source of Inspiration to Watson and Skinner
• Watson’s Academic Career
• Watson on Science and Psychology
• Stimulus and Response
• The Goal of Scientific Psychology: Prediction and Control
• Watson on Thinking and Language
• Watson on Emotions
• Evaluation
• Operationalism
• B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• A Short Biography
• View of Science
• The Skinner Box
• Operant Conditioning
• View of Behavior
• Interpretation of Skinner’s Experimental Findings
• Skinner on Language
• Evaluation
• Behavior Therapy
• 13 Neobehaviorism
• Clark Leonard Hull (1884-1952)
• A Biographical Sketch
• Hull’s View of Science
• Some Central Features in Hull’s System
• The Concepts of Stimulus, Response, and Drive
• Evaluation
• Hull’s Students
• Kenneth Spence (1907-1967)
• Recognition of Relationships, or Learning?
• The Role of Attention in Learning
• Edward Chase Tolman (1886-1959)
• A Short Biography
• Purposive Behavior
• Operational Definitions of Mentalistic Concepts
• Tolman on Learning
• Cognitive Maps
• Evaluation of Tolman
• Logical Positivism
• Logical Analysis of the Language of Science
• From the Axiomatic System to the Hypothetico-Deductive Method
• James J. Gibson (1904-1979)
• Our Mental Experience
• Gradients
• An Evaluation of Gibson’s Theory
• 14 Social Psychology
• The Two Social Psychologies
• The Organization of Social Psychology as a Subdiscipline of Psychology: The Ideas of Floyd and Gordo
• The Study of Attitudes
• The Study of Attitude Change and Persuasion
• The Introduction of the Experimental Method into Social Psychology
• Kurt Lewin and His Students
• Muzafer Sherif (1906-1988)
• Solomon Asch (1907-1996): On Conformity
• Stanley Milgram (1933-1984): Experiment on Obedience to Authority
• An Evaluation of the Experimental Method in Social Psychology
• The Influence on Social Psychology from Phenomenology and Gestalt Psychology
• Inconsistency and Cognitive Dissonance
• The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
• Person Perception (Ordinary Personology)
• Asch’s Studies of Impression Formation
• Heider’s Study of Attribution
• Doubt and Self-Criticism
• 15 The Psychology of Personality in the United States
• Gordon Allport (1897-1967)
• Allport’s Ideas of the Study of Personality
• Personality Described by Traits
• The Importance to Personality of Self
• Further Development of Trait Theory
• Raymond Cattell (1905-1998)
• Hans Eysenck (1916-1997)
• Henry A. Murray (1893-1988)
• TAT and Projective Tests
• Clinical Psychology
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
• Personal Life Experience and View on Psychology: A Biographical Outline
• Influence of Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy
• View of Psychology as a Science
• View of Psychotherapy and Personality
• Rogers and Freud: Similarities and Differences
• Self-Actualization as a Therapeutic Goal
• Rogers on the Self
• Evaluation of Rogers’s Contribution
• George Kelly (1905-1967)
• Biographical Outline
• Cultural Influences on Kelly’s Thinking
• A System of Personal Constructs
• Kelly’s View of Psychotherapy
• Discussion and Evaluation
• Culture and Personality
• The Authoritarian Personality
• The Crisis in the Study of Personality
• 16 The Study of Cognition in Europe and the United States (1920-1960)
• Three Influential European Cognitive Psychologists: Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bartlett
• Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
• A Brief Biography
• The Genetic-Epistemological Approach
• Egocentricity in Children
• Stages in Logical Thinking
• The Sensorimotor Stage
• The Preoperational Stage
• The Concrete-Operational Stage
• The Formal-Operational Stage
• Cognition and Bodily Movements
• Evaluation of the Stage Theory
• Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
• Notes About Vygotsky’s Life
• Vygotsky, Marx, and Wundt
• Vygotsky on the Development of Language
• Concluding Remarks
• British Psychology and Frederic Bartlett (1886-1979)
• Bartlett’s Ambivalence About Experimental Psychology
• Bartlett’s Study of Remembering
• The Study of Cognition in the United States (1920-1960)
• Research on Thinking
• The New Look in Perception
• 17 Physiological Psychology
• Advances in Neurophysiology
• Robert Sessions Woodworth (1869-1962)
• Woodworth on Motivation
• Walter Cannon (1871-1945)
• Stress and Psychosomatic Disease
• Karl Lashley (1890-1958)
• Some Biographical Notes
• Lashley on Brain Localization
• Lashley on the Nature of Motivation
• Lashley’s Students and Coworkers on Motivation
• Donald Hebb (1904-1985)
• Hebb’s Theory
• Evaluation of Hebb’s Theory
• Roger Sperry (1913-1994)
• The Revival of Wernicke’s Theory of Aphasia
• A Case of Anterograde Amnesia
• New Techniques in Neurology
• Knowledge of the Visual System as a Guide to Understanding the Functioning of the Brain
• The Role Played by the Primary Visual Cortex
• Physiology and Psychology
• 18 Revolt Against Traditions
• Expansion in US Psychology
• New Thoughts on Science
• Thomas Kuhn’s View of Paradigms
• Kuhn and Psychology
• New Views on Human Beings: Humanistic Psychology
• The Roots of Humanistic Psychology
• The Growth of Humanistic Psychology
• Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
• An Evaluation of Humanistic Psychology
• Tendencies in Clinical Psychology from the 1960s
• Decline in Interest in Behaviorism
• Increased Interest in the Study of Cognition
• Information Processing
• Background in Advances in Technology
• Information Processing: A Study of Knowledge
• Early Attempts to Apply the New Perspectives in Psychological Research
• The Study of Remembering
• Some Early Experiments
• The Atkinson and Shiffrin Model
• Some Concluding Comments
• 19 Important Trends in the Psychology of the Twenty-First Century
• Progress in Social Psychology
• Overcoming the Crisis in the Study of Attitudes
• The Study of Attribution After Heider
• The Fundamental Attribution Error
• Health Psychology
• The Study of Attraction and Close Relationships
• Evaluation of Progress in Social Psychology
• Progress in Personality Psychology
• The Revival of Trait Theory
• The Five-Factor Model
• The Modern Study of the Self
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• A New Perspective on Development: The Life-Span Study
• Behavioral Genetics
• The Revival of Interest in Comparative Psychology
• Behaviorist Learning Psychology Meets Ethology
• Theodore Schneirla (1902-1968)
• Instinct, Maturation, and Learning
• A New Orientation in the Study of Learning
• Further Attacks on Conditioning and Associationism
• Influence from Ethology on Developmental Psychology
• Attachment Theory
• Psychology and Evolution
• Progress in Evolutionary Biology
• Progress in the Study of Hominid Evolution
• Evolutionary Psychology
• What Was New in Evolutionary Psychology?
• Some Early Influential Studies
• The Concept of an Adaptive Problem
• Psychology and Culture
• Bibliography
• Index