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• Cover
• A Rulebook for Arguments
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• Note to the Fifth Edition
• Introduction
• I. Short Arguments: Some General Rules
• 1. Resolve premises and conclusion
• 2. Unfold your ideas in a natural order
• 3. Start from reliable premises
• 4. Be concrete and concise
• 5. Build on substance, not overtone
• 6. Use consistent terms
• II. Arguments by Example
• 7. Use more than one example
• 8. Use representative examples
• 9. Background rates are often crucial
• 10. Statistics need a critical eye
• 11. Reckon with counterexamples
• III. Arguments by Analogy
• 12. Analogies require relevantly similar examples
• IV. Arguments from Authority
• 13. Cite your sources
• 14. Seek informed sources
• 15. Seek impartial sources
• 16. Cross-check sources
• 17. Build your Internet savvy
• IV. Arguments about Causes
• 18. Causal arguments start with correlations
• 19. Correlations may have alternative explanations
• 20. Work toward the most likely explanation
• 21. Expect complexity
• VI. Deductive Arguments
• 22. Modus ponens
• 23. Modus tollens
• 24. Hypothetical syllogism
• 25. Disjunctive syllogism
• 26. Dilemma
• 27. Reductio ad absurdum
• 28. Deductive arguments in multiple steps
• VII. Extended Arguments
• 29. Explore the issue
• 30. Spell out basic ideas as arguments
• 31. Defend basic premises with arguments of their own
• 32. Reckon with objections
• 33. Explore alternatives
• VIII. Argumentative Essays
• 34. Jump right in
• 35. Urge a definite claim or proposal
• 36. Your argument is your outline
• 37. Detail objections and meet them
• 38. Seek feedback and use it
• 39. Modesty, please!
• IX. Oral Arguments
• 40. Ask for a hearing
• 41. Be fully present
• 42. Signpost energetically
• 43. Hew your visuals to your argument
• 44. End in style
• X. Public Debates
• 45. Do argument proud
• 46. Listen, learn, leverage
• 47. Offer something positive
• 48. Work from common ground
• 49. At least be civil
• 50. Leave them thinking when you go
• Appendix I: Some Common Fallacies
• Appendix II: Definitions
• D1. When terms are unclear, get specific
• D2. When terms are contested, work from the clear cases
• D3. Definitions don’t replace arguments
• Resources
• Titles of Related Interest Available from Hackett Publishing