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• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Foreword
• Preface
• List of Contributors
• Dedication
• Section 1. Context of Children’s Nursing Theories and Practices
• 1. Historical Perspectives of Children’s Nursing
• Introduction
• The Changing Concepts of Childhood
• Dr Charles West – Father of Children’s Nursing
• The Origins of Foundling Hospitals and Dispensaries
• The Establishment of Children’s Hospitals
• The Growth of Children’s Hospitals
• The Origins of Education and Registration Of Children’s Nurses
• Education of Children’s Nurses
• Contemporary Children’s Nursing in the UK
• Summary
• 2. Nursing, Children and Their Childhoods
• Introduction
• Theory and Nursing Theory: From Silent Knowing to Critical Thinking
• Family Centred Care
• Challenges to Family Centred Care
• Nursing Theory: Something Borrowed?
• Pragmatic Children’s Nursing
• The Process of Learning/Growing in Pragmatic Children’s Nursing
• Negotiating Care: A Tripartite Discussion
• Negotiation of Care: Establishing Objectives
• Outcome Measures: How do we Know if Children’s Nursing Care is of Good Quality?
• Conclusions
• 3. Contemporary Child Health Policy: The Implications for Children’s Nurses
• Introduction
• The Role of Health Policy
• Health Inequalities
• How do Governments Respond to Policy Reviews?
• UK Policy Variations
• The Welfare of Children in Hospital (1959)
• Other Historic Polices and Reports
• Polices for Transition of Young People From Children’s to Adult Services
• Polices to Promote Good Public Health for Children and Young People
• Policies to Improve the Way in Which Children’s and Young People’s Services in Hospitals are Inspected by the Health Care Regulator
• Polices That are Concerned With Staffing and Workforce in Child Health Areas
• Facing the Future – Standards for Acute General Paediatric Services (Rcpch 2013)
• Polices That Promote Child and Family Involvement in Care
• Policies for Enhancing the Mental Health of Children and Young People
• Getting it Right – Dealing With Accolades and Complaints
• Dealing With Complaints
• Conclusion
• 4. Contemporary Childhoods and Health
• Introduction
• Theories of Childhood
• Psychological Theories of Childhood
• Language Development
• Personality Development
• Moral Development
• Children’s Conceptualisation of Health, Illness and Their Internal Bodies
• Summary
• 5. Physical Growth and Development in Children
• Introduction
• Factors Affecting Growth and Development
• Physical Growth and Development
• Assessment of Growth
• Transition From Intrauterine to Extrauterine Life
• The Newborn Baby
• 1 Month to 2 Years
• General Trends in Height and Weight Gain During Childhood
• Physical Growth From 5 Years to Adolescence
• Adolescence
• Suggested Areas for Observation of Children
• 6. Death and Dying in Childhood
• Introduction
• Children’s Concepts of Death
• Theories of Grief in Child Loss
• Summary
• 7. Ethical and Legal Aspects of Child Health Care
• Introduction
• The un Convention on the Rights of the Child And the Human Rights Act (1998)
• The Four Principles of Health Care Ethics
• The Legal System and Key Legal Principles
• Refusal Of Treatment
• End-of-Life Issues
• Consent To Non-Therapeutic, Controversial or Experimental Treatment
• Negligence
• Criminal Liability
• Summary
• Section 2. Promote, Restore and Stabilise Health Status in Children: A Systems Approach to Childhood Conditions, Disease and Disability
• 8. Inherited Conditions and the Family
• Introduction: The Revolution in Genetics and Genomics
• Genetics and Genomics: The Paradigm Shift
• The Impact of Genetic Disease on Family Life
• It Runs In The Family: The Role Of Genetic Factors In Disease
• Genetics Referral and the Family Journey: the Role of the Children’s Nurse
• Nurse Education And Standards In Genetics/ Genomic
• Ethical Issues For Children’s Nurses
• Summary
• 9. Contemporary Issues in Genomics and Other ‘Omic’ Technologies for Children’s Nursing: An Introduction
• Introduction: Genomics – What is all the Fuss About?
• Mainstreaming Genomics in Paediatric Care. What Are the Implications for Children’s Nursing?
• Making it Possible – Genomic Technologies
• Pharmacogenomics
• Other ‘Omic’ Technologies
• Epigenomics
• Ethical Issues and Challenges to Delivering Genomic Health Care
• So What Does All This Mean for Children’s Nurses?
• 10. Homeostasis and the Deteriorating Child
• Introduction
• Regulation of Homeostasis
• Recognition and Care of the Deteriorating Child
• 11. Respiratory Illness in Children
• Introduction
• Respiratory Assessment and Examination of the Chest
• Management of Respiratory Illness in Children
• Respiratory Infection
• Asthma
• Discussion of the Scenarios
• 12. Caring for Children and Young People With Cardiovascular Problems
• Introduction
• The Origins and Development of the Embryonic and Fetal Heart
• Fetal Circulation and Changes Occurring at Birth
• Congenital, Inherited and Acquired Cardiac Problems in Children and Young People
• Summary
• 13. Children’s Liver Disease
• Introduction
• Development, Structure and Functions of the Liver
• Signs and Symptoms of Liver Disease
• Childhood liver diseases
• Liver Transplantation
• Summary
• 14. Renal Conditions in Childhood
• Nephrotic Syndrome
• Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
• Wilms Tumour (Nephroblastoma)
• Acute Kidney Injury
• Chronic Kidney Disease
• Transplant
• Summary
• 15. Caring for Children With Non-Malignant Haematological Disorders of Childhood
• Introduction
• Anatomy and Physiology of the Haematological System
• Interpretation of Blood Results
• Non-Malignant Haematological Conditions
• Management of Children with Haematological Disorders
• Haemoglobinopathy
• Thalassaemia
• Bleeding Disorders
• Bone Marrow Transplantation
• Discussion of the Scenarios
• 16. Caring for a Child With a Neurological Disorder
• Introduction
• The Role, Structure and Function of the Nervous System
• Neurological Disorders in Children
• Summary
• 17. Children and Young People With Complex Motor Disability
• Introduction
• Definitions, Numbers, Needs and Services
• Sources Of Information on Children With Complex Motor Disability
• Families’ Experiences of Services
• Nursing Assessment and Interventions
• Summary
• 18. Caring for Children and Young People With Orthopaedic Disorders
• Bone Biology
• Fractures
• Traction
• Polytrauma
• Osteogenesis Imperfecta
• Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
• Nursing Care of a Child With a Hip Spica Cast
• Talipes (Clubfoot)
• Perthes Disease
• Discharge Planning
• 19. Caring for Children With Infection and Altered Immune Responses
• Introduction
• The Immune System and Defence Against Infection
• Inflammation
• The Adaptive Immune System
• Conclusion
• 20. Caring for Children With Diabetes and Other Endocrine Disorders
• Endocrine System
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Type 1 Diabetes
• TYPE 2 DIABETES
• Discussion of the Scenarios
• Summary
• 21. Caring for Children With Gastrointestinal Problems
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea: Acute and Chronic
• Malabsorption and Food Allergies
• Summary
• 22. Caring for Children With Genitourinary Problems
• Urinary Tract Infections
• Vesicoureteric Reflux
• Hypospadias
• Cryptorchidism
• Phimosis and Circumcision
• Summary
• 23. Skin Disease in Children and Young People
• Introduction
• Biology of the Skin
• Common Skin Infections
• Fungal Infections
• Viral Infections
• Infestations
• Eczema
• Psoriasis
• Acne Vulgaris
• Infantile Haemangiomas
• Epidermolysis Bullosa
• The Ichthyoses
• Psychological Effects of Skin Disease on Children and Their Families
• Section 3. Negotiation of Care
• 24. Recognising and Responding to Child Maltreatment: The Role of the Children’s Nurse
• Introduction
• Defining Child Maltreatment and the Interlinking Categories of Abuse
• The Changing Landscape of Child Protection
• Conclusion
• 25. Cultural Aspects of Children’s Nursing
• What is culture?
• Summary
• 26. Empowering Children and Young People and Families in Health Care
• Introduction
• Empowerment
• Section One
• Section 2
• Section 3
• Conclusion
• 27. Assessing, Planning, Evaluating and Recording Nursing Care for Children and Young People in Partnership
• Introduction
• The Nature of Assessment
• Assessment and Planning in Context
• Conclusion
• 28. The Management of Pain in Children and Young People
• Introduction
• Why Assessing and Managing Pain in Children and Young People is Important
• The Anatomy and Physiology of Pain
• Assessing Pain in Children and Young People
• Managing Procedural Pain in Children And Young People
• Managing Acute Pain in Children and Young People
• Managing Chronic Pain in Children and Young People
• Summary
• 29. Transition to Young Adulthood – A Particular Challenge for Developing Young People With Long-Term or Life-Limiting Conditions and Disabilities
• Introduction
• Key Concepts: Transition and Trajectory
• Transition in the Health and Social Care Context
• Long-Term Conditions
• Mental Health Transitions – A Global Concern?
• Priorities for Families
• Examples of Tools to Support the Transition Process
• 30. Play for Children and Young People in Hospital and Healthcare Settings
• The Role of Play for Children and Young People
• Principles of Play Therapy
• The Development of Play in The Healthcare Environment
• The role of the Health Play Specialist
• Professional Boundaries and Play
• The Role of Play in Children’s Nursing Practice
• Play and the Children and Young People with Disability and Complex Healthcare Needs (CHCN)
• Reducing the Effects of Hospitalisation Through Play
• Pre and Post Procedural Play
• The Role of Play in Distraction and Diversional Therapy
• Desensitisation Through Play
• Summary
• 31. Sexual Health in Childhood and Young Adulthood
• Introduction
• Sexual Health
• Age-Appropriate Sexual Behaviour
• Adolescence and Sexuality
• Trends in Young People’s Sexual Activity
• The Consequences of Poor Sexual Health
• Public Sexual Health Issues
• Disorders Of Sexual Development
• The Nurse’s Role
• Section 4. Organisation of Children’s Nursing
• 32. Health Problems of the Neonate
• Introduction
• The Developing Brain
• Parents
• Common Neonatal Diseases and Conditions
• Neonatal Hypothermia
• Neonatal Hypoglycaemia
• Neonatal Nutrition
• Infection in the Neonate
• Pain in the Neonate
• Neonatal Respiratory Problems
• Summary
• 33. The Role of the Community Children’s Nurse (CCN): Managing Care at ‘Home’
• Part 1: The Development of the Role of The CCN
• Part 2: Putting the Child at the Centre: The Importance of Childhood and ‘Home’
• Part 3: Managing Risk: Negotiating Roles and Care Responsibilities of the Nurse, Child, and/or Carer
• Part 4: Evaluating Care With the Child and Family
• 34. Leading Innovation and Improvements in Children’s and Young People’s Nursing Through Best Evidence
• Practical Reflections
• Seminar Discusion Topic
• Professional Conversations
• Summary
• 35. Caring for Children With Critical Illness
• Introduction
• What is Critical Illness?
• Organisation of Pic Services
• Identifying Levels of Paediatric Critical Care
• Family-Centred Critical Care – Exploring The Evidence
• Summary
• 36. Emergency Care, Out of Hospital Care, Emergency Department Assessment and Inpatient Care
• The Evolution of Emergency Care for Children and Young People
• Transforming Urgent and Emergency Care
• Urgent Care Services
• Major Trauma, Trauma Team and Emergency Care Teams
• Children’s Nurses in Emergency Departments
• Family-Centred Care in the Emergency Department
• Summary
• 37. Pharmacological Interventions, Calculations, Administration and Evaluation
• Introduction
• Calculating to Promote Safe Administration of Medicines
• Interventions to Promote The Safe Administration of Medicines to Chldren and Young People
• Pharmacological Knowledge Needed to Support Safe Administration of Medicines to Cyp
• The Prescription – Why Cyp are Different and Need Special Consideration?
• Working in Partnership With Children And Families – Evaluating Care and Promoting Adherence to Medication Regimens
• 38. Children and Surgery
• Why Children Need Surgery
• Ethics and the Law in Paediatric Perioperative Settings
• Pre-Admission Programmes
• Purpose and Role of the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist
• Flow Through the Operating Rooms
• Parents In Post-Operative Recovemry
• Common Paediatric Surgeries
• 39. Caring for Children and Young People With Cancer
• Introduction
• What is Cancer?
• Cancer Treatments
• Models of Care Delivery
• Psychological Well-Being
• Teenagers And Young Adults
• Living Beyond A Cancer Diagnosis
• Palliative and end-of-Life Care and Death
• Summary
• 40. Children Living With Long-Term Conditions
• Introduction
• Defining Long-Term Conditions
• Living with a Long-Term Condition: Health-Related Quality of Life
• Continuity, Relationships and Multi-Disciplinary/Agency Team Working
• Children Doing It for Themselves! Self-Care in Childhood
• Long-Term Conditions In A Digital Age
• Summary
• 41. Children Living With Long-Term Conditions: Child and Adolescent Mental Health: The Nursing Response
• Introduction – A Call to Action
• Understanding the Policy Framework and Legal Context of Caring for Children and Young People with Mental Health Needs
• Promoting Emotional Health and Well-Being and the Role of Schools
• Understanding the Link Between Physical and Psychological Health Needs in Children and Young People
• The Developmental and Social Determinants of Mental Health Issues in Children and Young People
• The Continuum of Mental Health and Illness and the Factors That Promote Health and Increase Risk Factors
• The Role of Children’s Nurses in Helping Specific Groups of Young People
• Using Core Interpersonal Nursing Skills to Support Children and Young People Experiencing Mental Distress
• The Therapeutic Relationship
• Summary
• 42. Children With a Learning Disability and/or Autistic Spectrum Conditions
• Introduction
• Context of Care
• The Prevalence of People With a Learning Disability And/Or an Autistic Spectrum Condition
• Terminology
• Diagnosis
• Definitions and Causes of Learning Disability
• Definitions and Causes of Autism
• The Health Needs of Children with Learning Disabilities and/or Autistic Spectrum Conditions
• The Impact of Learning Disabilities and/or Autistic Spectrum Conditions for the Child and the Family
• Working Together
• Jenny
• Simon
• Summary
• 43. Care of the Child and Young Person Requiring Palliative and End-of-Life Care
• Introduction
• Palliative Care for Children
• End-of-Life Care
• Spiritual Care
• Care of the Child Following Death
• Bereavement Care
• The Needs of The Health Care Professional
• Summary
• Index