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• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Brief Contents
• Table of Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Diagnostic Boxes
• List of Features
• Tour of the Book
• Online Learning and Teaching Resources
• Preface
• About the Author
• Author Acknowledgments
• 1. Conceptual, Historical, and Research perspectives
• 1.1. Overview
• Learning objectives
• Getting Started: What is Abnormal?
• Case Examples
• Abnormality in Everyday Life
• The Challenge for Students: Experts don’t Always Agree
• An Example: What Is “Mental Illness?”
• Contradictory Perspectives Are Common in Abnormal Psychology
• How Does this Chapter get us Started?
• 1.2. Basic Terms
• Psychiatry vs. Psychology
• Psychopathology
• Mental Illness and Mental Disorder
• Harmful Internal Dysfunction
• Deviance
• Social Oppression
• 1.3. Common Criteria of Abnormality
• Statistical Deviation
• Violation of Social Norms and Values
• Behavior That Disturbs Others
• Harmfulness to Self or Others
• Emotional Suffering
• Misperception of Reality
• 1.4. Historical Perspectives
• Historical-Cultural vs. Objective/Universal/Legal Views
• Stone Age Perspectives
• Greek and Roman Perspectives
• Hippocrates’ (Mostly) Biological Perspective
• Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
• Galen’s Perspective, Including Early Diagnostic Categories
• Perspectives During The Middle Ages
• Avicenna’s Biological Perspective and Early Hospitals
• Demonological Perspectives in Europe
• The Influence of Cultural Context: Dancing Mania and Lycanthropy
• Renaissance Perspectives
• The Renaissance as One of Europe’s Most “Psychically Disturbed” Periods
• Early Asylums in Europe
• Perspectives During the 18th and 19th Centuries
• Moral Therapy
• Larger Asylums and Their Reform
• Perspectives in the 20th and 21st Centuries
• Early 20th-Century Mental Hospitals
• The Expansion of Contrasting Perspectives
• Deinstitutionalization
• 1.5. Research Perspectives
• Quantitative Research Perspectives
• Correlational Method
• Experimental Method
• Qualitative Research Perspectives
• Case Studies
• Grounded Theory Methods
• Phenomenological Analysis
• Trustworthiness, Mixed Methods, and the Status of Qualitative Methods
• 1.6. Closing Thoughts: Caveats Before Proceeding
• Key Terms
• 2. Theoretical Perspectives
• 2.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: The Importance of Theoretical Perspectives
• Case Examples
• Perspectives as Frameworks for Understanding People’s Problems
• 2.2. Biological Perspectives
• Brain Chemistry Perspectives
• Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
• Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives
• Genetic Perspectives
• Evolutionary Perspectives
• Immune System Perspectives
• Evaluating Biological Perspectives
• 2.3. Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Freud’s Original Psychoanalytic Theory
• Psychodynamic Theories
• Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
• Behavioral Perspectives
• Cognitive Perspectives
• Combining Cognitive and Behavioral Perspectives
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Rogers’ Person-Centered Therapy
• Existential Therapy
• Constructivist Perspectives
• Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
• 2.4. Sociocultural Perspectives
• Multicultural and Social Justice Perspectives
• Multicultural Perspectives
• Social Justice Perspectives
• Consumer and Service-User Perspectives
• Systems Perspectives
• Minuchin’s Structural Family Therapy
• Bowen’s Multigenerational Family Therapy
• Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
• 2.5. Closing Thoughts: So Many Perspectives!
• Key Terms
• 3. Diagnosis, Formulation, and Assessment
• 3.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: Defining Diagnosis
• Case Examples
• Perspectives on Diagnosis
• 3.2. Psychiatric Diagnosis: Dsm and Icd Perspectives
• Who Writes Them?
• ICD
• DSM
• Historical Perspectives
• ICD
• DSM
• Current Versions
• ICD
• DSM
• Definition of Disorder
• ICD
• DSM
• Guidelines, Criteria, and Codes
• Diagnostic Guidelines
• Diagnostic Criteria
• Diagnostic Codes
• Reliability
• What is Diagnostic Reliability?
• Diagnostic Criteria and Reliability
• Reliability and DSM-5
• Validity
• What is Diagnostic Validity?
• Validity of the DSM and ICD
• Evaluating the DSM and ICD
• Success and Influence
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Trends and Future
• 3.3. Other Diagnostic Approaches/Alternatives to Diagnosis
• Formulation
• Distinguishing Formulation from Diagnosis
• Two Examples of Formulation
• Evaluating Formulation
• Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM)
• Distinguishing PDM from DSM and ICD
• PDM Axes
• Evaluating the PDM
• Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
• Toward a Diagnostic System Based on Biomarkers
• RDoC’s Five Domains
• Evaluating RDoC
• Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)
• Defining HiTOP and Distinguishing it from DSM and ICD
• HiTOP and RDoC
• HiTOP’s Six Spectra Dimensions
• Evaluating HiTOP
• Power Threat Meaning (PTM) Framework
• A Psychosocial Framework for Identifying Patterns in Human Distress
• Evaluating the PTM Framework
• 3.4. Assessment
• Clinical Interviews
• Unstructured Interviews
• Structured Interviews
• Using Interviews in Diagnosis and Formulation
• Personality Tests
• Self-Report Personality Inventories
• Projective Tests
• Examples of Personality Assessment from other Perspectives
• Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment
• Humanistic Assessment
• Intelligence Tests
• Neuropsychological and Neurological Tests
• Neuropsychological Tests
• Neurological Tests
• 3.5. Closing Thoughts: Beware of Culture Bias
• Key Terms
• 4. Psychosis
• 4.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: What is Psychosis?
• Case Examples
• Psychosis and Reality Contact
• 4.2 DSM AND ICD Perspectives
• Five Symptoms of Psychotic Disorders
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorganized Thinking and Speech
• Abnormal Motor Behavior
• Negative Symptoms
• Specific Psychotic Disorders in DSM-5 and ICD-10
• Schizophrenia
• Delusional Disorder
• Brief Psychotic Disorder
• Schizophreniform Disorder
• Schizoaffective Disorder
• Schizotypal Disorder
• Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Categorical vs. Dimensional Diagnosis
• Postmodern vs. Medical Views
• 4.3. Historical Perspectives
• Dementia Praecox
• Bleuler Coins the Term “Schizophrenia”
• Early 20th-Century Treatments
• 4.4. Biological Perspectives
• Brain Chemistry Perspectives
• Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
• Dopamine and Antipsychotic Drugs
• Glutamate Hypothesis
• Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
• Ventricle Size
• Decreased Brain Volume
• Genetic and Evoltionary Perspectives
• Genetic Perspectives
• Evolutionary Perspectives
• Schizophrenia and Theory of Mind
• Immune System Perspectives
• Viral Theory of Schizophrenia
• Inflammation and Schizophrenia
• Evaluating Biological Perspectives
• 4.5. Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Classic Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Views of Schizophrenia
• Modern Psychodynamic Therapy for Schizophrenia
• Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
• Cognitive Perspectives
• Behavioral Perspectives
• Syndrome vs. Symptom Approaches
• Common Strategies Used in CBTp
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Pre-therapy
• Narrative Therapy
• Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
• 4.6. Sociocultural Perspectives
• Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
• Inequality and Adversity
• Ethnic and Racial Factors
• Consumer and Service-User Perspectives
• Stigma of Psychosis
• Consumer Groups vs. Survivor Groups
• Systems Perspectives
• Community Care Approaches
• Family Systems and Psychosis
• Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
• 4.7. Closing Thoughts: Caring for those Experiencing Psychosis
• KEY TERMS
• 5. Mood Problems
• 5.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: The Highs and Lows of Mood
• Case Examples
• Depression and Mania
• Endogenous vs. Exogenous Depression
• 5.2. DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Mood Episodes Defined
• Depressive Episodes
• Manic, Hypomanic, and Mixed Episodes
• Major Depression and Bipolar Disorders
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder and Cyclothymic Disorder
• Other Depressive Disorders
• Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
• Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
• Postpartum Depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Are the DSM-5 Depressive and Bipolar Categories Reliable?
• Are Persistent Depression and Major Depression Distinct Disorders?
• Should the Bereavement Exclusion Have Been Maintained?
• Why Was Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) Added?
• Why Was Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) Added?
• 5.3. Historical Perspectives
• Melancholia in Ancient Greece
• Acedia and Melancholia in the Early Christian Era and Renaissance
• Industrialization, Depleted Nervous Systems, and Neurasthenia
• Kraepelin and The Manic-Depressive Illness Continuum
• From Melancholia to Depression
• 5.4. Biological Perspectives
• Brain Chemistry Perspectives
• Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression and Antidepressants
• Glutamate Hypothesis of Depression
• Herbal Remedies for Depression
• Mood Stabilizers and Bipolar Disorder
• Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
• Hippocampus
• Amygdala
• Frontal Lobe
• Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
• Non-Drug Brain Treatments for Depression
• Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives
• Genetic Perspectives
• Evolutionary Perspectives
• Immune System Perspectives
• Evaluating Biological Perspectives
• 5.5. Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Classic Psychoanalytic and Attachment Perspectives
• Short-Term Interpersonal and Psychodynamic Therapies for Depression
• Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy for Mania
• Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
• Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression
• Learned Helplessness
• CBT Assessment and Therapy for Depression
• CBT and Mania
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Person-Centered Therapy
• Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT)
• Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
• 5.6. Sociocultural Perspectives
• Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
• Socioeconomic Inequality and Depression
• Gender and Depression
• Consumer and Service-User Perspectives
• The Experience of Depression
• Stigma
• Systems Perspectives
• Relationship Problems and Expressed Emotion
• Family Therapies
• Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
• 5.7. Closing Thoughts: The Wide-Ranging Relevance of Mood
• Key Terms
• 6. Anxiety, Obsessions, and Compulsions
• 6.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: Anxiety, Fear, Obsessions, and Compulsions
• Case Examples
• Defining Anxiety, Fear, Obsessions, and Compulsions
• A Caveat: We All Feel Anxious Sometimes
• 6.2. DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Anxiety Disorders
• Specific Phobia
• Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
• Panic Disorder
• Agoraphobia
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Separation Anxiety Disorder
• Selective Mutism
• Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Other Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders
• Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Diagnostic Reliability
• Changes to Anxiety Disorders
• 6.3. Historical Perspectives
• Ancient Greece Through The Renaissance
• 18th Through 20th Centuries
• 6.4. Biological Perspectives
• Brain Chemistry Perspectives
• Neurotransmitters and Prescription Drugs for Anxiety
• Obsessions and Compulsions
• Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
• Anxiety and Fear
• Obsessions and Compulsions
• Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives
• Genetic Perspectives
• Evolutionary Perspectives
• Immune System Perspectives
• Inflammation
• The Gut
• Evaluating Biological Perspectives
• 6.5. Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Classic Freudian Case Studies
• Unconscious Impulses and Anxiety
• Insecure Attachments and OCD
• Unified Psychodynamic Protocol for Anxiety Disorders (UPP-ANXIETY)
• Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
• CBT Conceptualizations of Anxiety and Panic
• CBT Conceptualizations of Obsessions and Compulsions
• CBT Interventions
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Person-Centered Therapy
• Existential Perspectives
• Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT)
• Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
• 6.6. Sociocultural Perspectives
• Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
• Cultural Differences in the Expression of Anxiety
• Economic Conditions and Anxiety
• Gender and Anxiety
• Consumer and Service-User Perspectives
• Systems Perspectives
• Expressed Emotion and Accommodation
• Structural Family Therapy for Generalized Anxiety
• Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
• 6.7. Closing Thoughts: Anxiety and Fear as Uniquely Human
• Key Terms
• 7. Trauma, Stress, and Loss
• 7.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: The Impact of Trauma, Stress, and Loss
• Case Examples
• Defining Trauma, Stress, Bereavement, Grief, and Dissociation
• 7.2 DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Trauma and Stress Disorders
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Acute Stress
• Adjustment Disorders
• Persistent Complex Bereavement/Prolonged Grief
• Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Creating a New Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders Chapter in DSM-5
• PTSD as an Expectable Reaction, Not a Disorder
• Adjustment Disorder as a “Waste-Basket” Diagnosis
• Should Prolonged Grief Be a Disorder?
• 7.3. Historical Perspectives
• Early Clinical Descriptions of Trauma
• Traumatic Neurosis
• War Neurasthenia and Shell Shock
• The Emergence of PTSD as a Diagnosis
• 7.4. Biological Perspectives
• Brain Chemistry Perspectives
• Posttraumatic Stress
• Stress and Adjustment
• Prolonged Grief
• Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
• Hippocampus
• Amygdala and Medial Prefrontal Cortex
• Autonomic Nervous System and HPA Axis
• Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives
• Genetic Perspectives
• Evolutionary Perspectives
• Immune System Perspectives
• Evaluating Biological Perspectives
• 7.5. Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Posttraumatic Stress
• Bereavement
• Cogntive-Behavioral Perspectives
• Behavioral Perspectives
• Cognitive and CBT Perspectives on Posttraumatic Stress
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Posttraumatic Growth
• Meaning Reconstruction following Trauma and Loss
• Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
• 7.6. Sociocultural Perspectives
• Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
• Sociocultural Factors and Posttraumatic Stress
• Cross-Cultural Differences in Bereavement
• Consumer and Service-User Perspectives
• Posttraumatic Stress
• Adjustment Issues
• Prolonged Grief
• Systems Perspectives
• Group Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress
• Couples and Family Therapy Approaches
• Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
• 7.7. Closing Thoughts: Erase Trauma, Loss, and Grief?
• Key Terms
• 8. Dissociation and Somatic Complaints
• 8.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: Dissociation, Somatic Symptoms, and Stress
• Case Examples
• The Posttraumatic Model
• Defining Dissociation and Somatic Complaints
• 8.2. DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue
• Depersonalization/Derealization
• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
• Somatic Symptom Disorder, Somatization Disorder, and Bodily Distress Disorder
• Conversion Disorder
• Illness Anxiety Disorder and Hypochondriacal Disorder
• Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions
• Factitious Disorder
• Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Doubts About Dissociation and Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Debate Over Somatic Symptom Disorders in DSM-5
• 8.3. Historical Perspectives
• Hysteria and The Wandering Womb
• Sydenham, Briquet, and Charcot on Hysteria
• Sydenham, Briquet, and Briquet’s Syndrome
• Charcot, La Belle Indifférence, and Hypnosis
• Janet and Dissociation
• 8.4. Biological Perspectives
• Brain Chemistry Perspectives
• Dissociation
• Somatic Symptoms
• Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
• Dissociation
• Somatic Symptoms
• Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives
• Genetics of Dissociation
• Genetics of Somatic Symptoms
• Evolutionary Explanations of Dissociation
• Evolutionary Explanations of Somatic Symptoms
• Immune System Perspectives
• Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Vulnerability to Illness
• The Negative Effect of Stress on Lymphocytes
• Evaluating Biological Perspectives
• 8.5. Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Primary vs. Secondary Gain
• Dissociation as Response to Trauma
• Somatic Symptoms Due to Unconscious Conflicts
• Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
• Cognitive and Behavioral Perspectives on Dissociation
• Cognitive and Behavioral Perspectives on Somatic Symptoms/Bodily Distress
• Biofeedback for Psychosomatic Illnesses
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Dissociation as Meaningful and Adaptive Strategy
• Somatic Symptoms and the Need to Integrate Bodily Awareness
• Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
• 8.6. Sociocultural Perspectives
• Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
• Cross-Cultural Differences and the Risk of Culture Bias
• The Sociocognitive Model of Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Dissociation and the Reality of Child Sexual Abuse
• Consumer and Service-User Perspectives
• Dissociation, Abuse, and Stigma
• Somatic Symptoms as Less Stigmatizing than Psychological Symptoms
• Systems Perspectives
• Family Systems Perspectives on Dissociation
• Family Systems Perspectives on Somatic Symptoms
• Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
• 8.7. Closing Thoughts: Dissociation and Somatic Symptoms as Elusive yet Intriguing
• Key Terms
• 9. Feeding and Eating Problems
• 9.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: Feeding vs. Eating Problems
• Case Examples
• Can We Distinguish Feeding from Eating Problems?
• 9.2 DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Disorders Generally Identified as Eating Disorders
• Anorexia and Bulimia
• Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)
• Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
• Disorders Generally Identified as Feeding Disorders
• Pica
• Rumination Disorder
• Evaluating ICD and DSM Perspectives
• Impact of Revised Anorexia and Bulimia Criteria on Prevalence
• Is Binge-Eating Disorder a Good Addition to the DSM-5 and ICD-11?
• Concerns about Misuse of the “Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder” Diagnosis
• Should Orthorexia be Added to the DSM and ICD?
• 9.3. Historical Perspectives
• Anorexia, Bulimia, and Binge-Eating
• PICA
• Rumination
• 9.4. Biological Perspectives
• Brain Chemistry Perspectives
• Monoamine Neurotransmitters
• Psychopharmacology for Eating Problems
• Psychopharmacology for Feeding Problems
• Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
• The Hypothalamus and the HPA Axis
• Reward Pathway Disturbances
• Other Brain Correlates
• Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives
• Genetic Perspectives
• Evolutionary Perspectives
• Immune System Perspectives
• Evaluating Biological Perspectives
• 9.5. Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Early Psychoanalytic Conceptualizations of Anorexia
• Modern Psychodynamic Approaches
• Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
• Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
• Behavioral Interventions
• Enhanced Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT-E)
• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT)
• Narrative Therapy
• Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
• 9.6. SOCIOCULTURAL Perspectives
• Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
• The Western Ideal of Thinness
• Cultural and Ethnic Differences
• Gender and the Media
• Socioeconomic Status and Education Level
• Cultural Pica
• Consumer and Service-User Perspectives
• Systems Perspectives
• Psychosomatic Families
• Family-Based Treatment (FBT) for Anorexia and Bulimia
• Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
• 9.7. Closing Thoughts: Are Feeding and Eating Problems Universal or Unique to our Time?
• Key Terms
• 10. Sexual Problems and Gender Issues
• 10.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: What is “Normal” Sexual Behavior?
• Case Examples
• Sex, Gender, and Values
• Sex and Gender: Basic Terms
• 10.2. DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Sexual Dysfunctions
• Disorders of Desire and Arousal
• Disorders of Orgasm
• Disorders Involving Pain During Intercourse
• Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders
• Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence and Related Diagnoses
• Gender Dysphoria (DSM-5)
• Gender Incongruence (ICD-11)
• Transsexualism and Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood (ICD-10)
• Using Diagnosis to Aid in Transitioning
• Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Pathologizing Normal Variations in Sexual Behavior?
• Controversies Surrounding Excessive Sexual Drive and Hypersexual Disorder
• Should Gender Dysphoria Even Be a Mental Disorder?
• 10.3. Historical Perspectives
• The Medicalization of Sexual Deviance
• The Sexual Instinct
• Krafft-Ebing’s Psychopathia Sexualis
• Changing Attitudes
• Asking People About Their Sex Lives
• The Sexual Response Cycle
• 10.4. Biological Perspectives
• Brain Chemistry (and Hormonal) Perspectives
• Sexual Dysfunctions
• Paraphilias
• Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence
• Brain Structure and Function (and Anatomical) Perspectives
• Sexual Dysfunctions
• Paraphilias
• Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence
• Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives
• Sexual Dysfunction
• Paraphilias
• Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence
• Immune System Perspectives
• Evaluating Biological Perspectives
• 10.5. Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Classic Freud
• Paraphilias as Hostile Fantasies
• Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) for Transgender Clients
• Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
• Behavioral Perspectives on Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias
• Cognitive Perspectives on Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias
• Transgender-Affirmative CBT
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Critique of Medicalization of Sexuality
• Experiential Sex Therapy
• Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
• Sexual Dysfunctions
• Paraphilic Disorders and Sex Offenders
• 10.6. Sociocultural Perspectives
• Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
• The New View Critique and Reconceptualization of Sexual Dysfunctions
• Transgender Affirmative Therapists: Gatekeepers or Advocates?
• Consumer and Service-User Perspectives
• Systems Perspectives
• Programs for Sexual Offenders
• Family Systems Perspectives
• Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
• 10.7. Closing Thoughts: Sexuality as Socially Constructed?
• Key Terms
• 11. Substance use and Addiction
• 11.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: Substance use and Other Behaviors as Addictive?
• Case Examples
• Basic Terms: Addiction, Abuse, and Dependence
• Depressants
• Stimulants
• Opioids
• Hallucinogens
• Cannabis
• Using More Than One Drug (Polydrug Use)
• Beyond Substances: Behavioral Addictions?
• 11.2. DSM and ICD Perspectives
• ICD-10 and ICD-11 Distinguish Abuse from Dependence, But DSM-5 Doesn’t
• Gambling Disorder and Gaming Disorder
• Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Should the Abuse–Dependence Distinction Be Maintained?
• Should DSM and ICD Include More Behavioral Addictions?
• 11.3. Historical Perspectives
• Drug use Throughout Human History
• Moral vs. Illness Models of Addiction
• The Founding of Alcoholics Anonymous
• 11.4. Biological Perspectives
• Brain Chemistry Perspectives
• Dopamine Hypothesis of Addiction
• Other Neurotransmitters
• Comparable Neurochemistry in Behavioral vs. Substance Addictions?
• Drug Interventions for Addiction
• Brain Structure Perspectives
• Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives
• Genetic Perspectives
• Evolutionary Perspectives
• Immune System Perspectives
• Evaluating Biological Perspectives
• 11.5. Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Attachment Theory and the Self-Medication Hypothesis
• The Addictive Personality
• Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
• Contingency Management
• Social Skills Training
• Relapse Prevention
• Cognitive Therapy
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
• 11.6. Sociocultural Perspectives
• Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
• Socioeconomic Status and Substance Use
• Social Support-Based Intervention Programs
• Consumer and Service-User Perspectives
• Stigma
• Alcoholics Anonymous and Other 12-Step Programs
• Systems Perspectives
• Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
• 11.7. Closing Thoughts: How Do I Know If I’m Addicted?
• Key Terms
• 12. Personality Issues
• 12.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: What is Personality?
• Case Examples
• Defining and Measuring Personality
• The Five-Factor Model of Personality
• 12.2. DSM and ICD Perspectives
• From Categories to Dimensions
• Traditional Categories
• Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Personality Disorders
• Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Personality Disorders
• Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful Personality Disorders
• Dimensional Alternatives
• DSM-5’s Proposed Hybrid Trait Model
• ICD-11’s Complete Overhaul: A Fully Dimensional Approach
• Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Should Personality Disorder Diagnosis Shift from Categories to Dimensions?
• 12.3. Historical Perspectives
• Personality and Bodily Humors
• Moral Insanity
• Psychopathic Personalities
• 12.4. Biological Perspectives
• Brain Chemistry Perspectives
• Neurotransmitters and Personality Disorders
• Polypharmacy and Non-Specificity of Drug Treatments
• Medication for Personality Disorders: Debate over Effectiveness and Use
• Brain Structure Perspectives
• Antisocial Personality Disorder/Psychopathy
• Borderline Personality Disorder
• Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives
• Genetics Perspectives
• Evolutionary Perspectives
• Immune System Perspectives
• Evaluating Biological Perspectives
• 12.5. Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM)
• Attachment and Object Relations Approaches
• Research on Structured Psychodynamic Therapies
• Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
• Schema Therapy
• Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Recasting “Personality Disorders” as Fragile Process
• Research Evidence for Person-Centered Therapy
• Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
• 12.6. Sociocultural Perspectives
• Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
• Personality Disorders: Culturally Universal or Culturally Relative?
• Gender Bias, Trauma, Socioeconomic Disadvantage, and Racism
• Consumer and Service-User Perspectives
• Stigma
• Service-User/Survivor Perspectives
• Systems Perspectives
• Family Systems and Personality Issues
• Couples and Family DBT for Borderline Personality
• Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
• 12.7. Closing Thoughts: Can Your Personality be Disordered?
• Key Terms
• 13. Developmental Issues Involving Disruptive Behavior and Attachment
• 13.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: How Do Developmental Issues Impact Behavior?
• Case Examples
• Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors
• 13.2. DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Disruptive Behavior
• Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
• Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Pyromania, and Kleptomania
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Social Connection and Attachment Issues
• Autism-Related Diagnoses in the DSM and ICD
• Reactive Attachment Disorder
• Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Pathologizing Rebelliousness and Social Resistance?
• Critiques of ADHD
• Objections to Eliminating Asperger’s
• 13.3. Historical Perspectives
• ADHD
• 18th Century: Identifying “Lack of Attention” as a Medical Condition
• 19th Century: Hoffmann’s “Fidgety Philip”
• Early 20th Century: Attention Disorders, Lack of Moral Control, and Hyperkinetic Disease
• Discovery of Stimulant Medication to Treat Attention Problems
• Latter 20th Century: From Hyperkinetic Reaction to Attention Deficit Disorder
• Autism
• Leo Kanner and Autism
• Hans Asperger and Asperger’s Syndrome
• The Refrigerator Mother Theory of Autism
• 13.4. Biological Perspectives
• Brain Chemistry Perspectives
• Disruptive Behavior
• Autism
• Brain Structure Perspectives
• Disruptive Behavior
• Autism
• Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives
• Genetic Perspectives
• Evolutionary Perspectives
• Immune System Perspectives
• Inflammatory Hypothesis
• Viral Infection and Autoimmune Disease Theories
• Evaluating Biological Perspectives
• 13.5. Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Disruptive Behavior
• Autism
• Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
• Disruptive Behavior
• Autism
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Person-Centered Perspectives
• Narrative Therapy
• Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
• Behavior Therapy vs. Drugs for ADHD
• Psychological Therapies for Autism
• 13.6. Sociocultural Perspectives
• Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
• Cultural and Social Influences
• Environmental Factors
• Consumer and Service-User Perspectives
• Stigma
• Identity and Asperger’s
• Systems Perspectives
• Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
• 13.7. Closing Thoughts: Neurodiversity
• Key Terms
• 14. Other Presenting Problems
• 14.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: A Bit of This and That
• 14.2. Sleep Disturbances
• Case Examples
• DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Insomnia, Hypersomnia, and Narcolepsy
• Parasomnias
• Evaluating DSM and ICD Sleep Disorders
• Historical Perspectives
• Biological Perspectives
• The Sleep Cycle
• Biological Explanations of Sleep Disturbances
• Drug Treatments for Sleep Problems
• Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Theory and Nightmares
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)
• Sociocultural Perspectives
• 14.3. Elimination Issues
• DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Enuresis and Encopresis
• Criticisms of DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Historical Perspectives
• Biological Perspectives
• Genetics and Enuresis
• Drug Treatments for Enuresis
• Psychological Perspectives
• Behavior Therapy for Enuresis
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Encopresis
• Psychodynamic and Humanistic Alternatives
• Sociocultural Perspectives
• Culture, Stigma, and Socioeconomic Impact
• Family Systems Approaches
• Alternative Therapies: Hypnosis and Acupuncture
• 14.4. Intellectual and Learning Difficulties
• DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Intellectual Disability
• Learning Disorders
• Historical Perspectives
• Biological Perspectives
• Intellectual Disabilities
• Learning Disorders
• Psychological Perspectives
• Intellectual Disabilities
• Learning Disorders
• Sociocultural Perspectives
• Intellectual Disabilities
• Learning Disorders
• 14.5. Motor Problems
• DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Historical Perspectives
• Biological Perspectives
• Genetics and Tourette’s
• Tics Due to Immune System Dysfunction?
• Biological Interventions
• Psychological Perspectives
• Behavior Therapies
• Cognitive Therapies
• Sociocultural Perspectives
• 14.6. Communication Problems
• DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Communication Disorders in DSM-5
• Communication Disorders in ICD-10 and ICD-11
• Biological Perspectives
• Genetics and Stuttering
• Dopamine and Drug Treatments
• Psychological Perspectives
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
• Constructivist Therapy and Stuttering Relapse
• Sociocultural Perspectives
• 14.7. Delirium and DEMENTIA
• DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Delirium
• Dementia
• Historical Perspectives
• Biological Perspectives
• The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
• Genetics of Alzheimer’s
• Drugs Prescribed for Alzheimer’s
• Psychological Perspectives
• Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions for Alzheimer’s Disease
• Other Psychological Interventions: Physical Activity and Pre-Therapy
• Sociocultural Perspectives
• Social Factors and Dementia
• Day Care and Long-Term Care
• Culture, Context, and Dementia
• 14.8. Closing Thoughts: Infinite Variety in Presenting Problems
• Key Terms
• 15. Suicide, Ethics, and Law
• 15.1. Overview
• Learning Objectives
• Getting Started: Abnormality in Moral and Legal Contexts
• Case Examples
• Self-Harm and Other Ethical and Legal Dilemmas
• 15.2. Perspectives ON SUICIDE
• Defining Suicide
• How Many People Die by Suicide?
• Types of Suicide
• Suicide
• Subintentional Death
• Historical Perspectives
• DSM and ICD Perspectives
• Suicidal Behavior Disorder
• Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Disorder
• Biological Perspectives
• The Search for Suicide Biomarkers
• Medication for Suicide Prevention
• Psychological Perspectives
• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Cognitive-Behavioral (CBT) Perspectives
• Humanistic Perspectives
• Sociocultural Perspectives
• Durkheim and the Sociology of Suicide
• Gender and Socioeconomic Status (SES)
• Age
• Social Contagion
• Suicide Prevention
• Suicide Prevention Counseling
• No-Suicide Contracts
• Public Education
• Method Restriction
• Hospitalization
• Can We Predict Who Will Die By Suicide?
• 15.3. Ethical Perspectives
• Professional Ethics Codes
• Informed Consent
• Confidentiality and Privilege
• Confidentiality
• Privilege
• Competence
• Conflicts of Interest
• Access to Care
• Barriers to Care
• Enhancing Access in the Digital Age via e-Mental Health
• 15.4. Legal Perspectives
• The Insanity Defense
• Insanity and the Insanity Defense as Legal Terms
• Historical Origins
• Legal Tests of Insanity
• Insanity Defense Reform Act
• The Insanity Defense Around the World
• Evaluating the Insanity Defense
• Fitness to Plead/Competency to Stand Trial
• Defining Fitness and Competency
• Determining Competency
• The Difficulty and Ethics of Declaring Defendants Incompetent
• Civil Commitment
• Temporary Commitment
• Extended Commitment
• Involuntary Outpatient Commitment (IOC)
• Debate over Civil Commitment
• Right to Refuse Treatment
• Why Might a Patient Refuse Treatment?
• What Happens When a Patient Refuses Treatment?
• Debate Surrounding Right to Refuse Treatment
• Right to Treatment
• Duties to Warn and Protect
• 15.5. Closing Thoughts: Suicide as One Example of A Problem That Poses Ethical and Legal Dilemmas
• 15.6. Epilogue
• Key Terms
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index