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• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Chapter 1 C++ Basics
• 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO C++
• Origins of the C++ Language
• C++ and Object-Oriented Programming
• The Character of C++
• C++ Terminology
• A Sample C++ Program
• TIP: Compiling C++ Programs
• 1.2 VARIABLES, EXPRESSIONS, AND ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS
• Identifiers
• Variables
• Assignment Statements
• Introduction to the string class
• PITFALL: Uninitialized Variables
• TIP: Use Meaningful Names
• More Assignment Statements
• Assignment Compatibility
• Literals
• Escape Sequences
• Raw String Literals
• Naming Constants
• Arithmetic Operators and Expressions
• Integer and Floating-Point Division
• PITFALL: Division with Whole Numbers
• Type Casting
• Increment and Decrement Operators
• PITFALL: Order of Evaluation
• 1.3 CONSOLE INPUT/OUTPUT
• Output Using cout
• New Lines in Output
• TIP: End Each Program with n or endl
• Formatting for Numbers with a Decimal Point
• Output with cerr
• Input Using cin
• TIP: Line Breaks in I/O
• 1.4 PROGRAM STYLE
• Comments
• 1.5 LIBRARIES AND NAMESPACES
• Libraries and include Directives
• Namespaces
• PITFALL: Problems with Library Names
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 2 Flow of Control
• 2.1 BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS
• Building Boolean Expressions
• PITFALL: Strings of Inequalities
• Evaluating Boolean Expressions
• Precedence Rules
• PITFALL: Integer Values Can Be Used as Boolean Values
• 2.2 BRANCHING MECHANISMS
• if-else Statements
• Compound Statements
• PITFALL: Using = in Place of = =
• Omitting the else
• Nested Statements
• Multiway if-else Statement
• The switch Statement
• PITFALL: Forgetting a break in a switch Statement
• TIP: Use switch Statements for Menus
• Enumeration Types
• The Conditional Operator
• 2.3 LOOPS
• The while and do-while Statements
• Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited
• The Comma Operator
• The for Statement
• TIP: Repeat-N-Times Loops
• PITFALL: Extra Semicolon in a for Statement
• PITFALL: Infinite Loops
• The break and continue Statements
• Nested Loops
• 2.4 INTRODUCTION TO FILE INPUT
• Reading From a Text File Using ifstream
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 3 Function Basics
• 3.1 PREDEFINED FUNCTIONS
• Predefined Functions That Return a Value
• Predefined void Functions
• A Random Number Generator
• 3.2 PROGRAMMER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
• Defining Functions That Return a Value
• Alternate Form for Function Declarations
• PITFALL: Arguments in the Wrong Order
• PITFALL: Use of the Terms Parameter and Argument
• Functions Calling Functions
• EXAMPLE: A Rounding Function
• Functions That Return a Boolean Value
• Defining void Functions
• return Statements in void Functions
• Preconditions and Postconditions
• main Is a Function
• Recursive Functions
• 3.3 SCOPE RULES
• Local Variables
• Procedural Abstraction
• Global Constants and Global Variables
• Blocks
• Nested Scopes
• TIP: Use Function Calls in Branching and Loop Statements
• Variables Declared in a for Loop
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 4 Parameters and Overloading
• 4.1 PARAMETERS
• Call-by-Value Parameters
• A First Look at Call-by-Reference Parameters
• Call-by-Reference Mechanism in Detail
• Constant Reference Parameters
• EXAMPLE: The swapValues Function
• TIP: Think of Actions, Not Code
• Mixed Parameter Lists
• TIP: What Kind of Parameter to Use
• PITFALL: Inadvertent Local Variables
• TIP: Choosing Formal Parameter Names
• EXAMPLE: Buying Pizza
• 4.2 OVERLOADING AND DEFAULT ARGUMENTS
• Introduction to Overloading
• PITFALL: Automatic Type Conversion and Overloading
• Rules for Resolving Overloading
• EXAMPLE: Revised Pizza-Buying Program
• Default Arguments
• 4.3 TESTING AND DEBUGGING FUNCTIONS
• The assert Macro
• Stubs and Drivers
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 5 Arrays
• 5.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARRAYS
• Declaring and Referencing Arrays
• TIP: Use for Loops with Arrays
• PITFALL: Array Indexes Always Start with Zero
• TIP: Use a Defined Constant for the Size of an Array
• Arrays in Memory
• PITFALL: Array Index out of Range
• The Range-Based for Loop
• Initializing Arrays
• 5.2 ARRAYS IN FUNCTIONS
• Indexed Variables as Function Arguments
• Entire Arrays as Function Arguments
• The const Parameter Modifier
• PITFALL: Inconsistent Use of const Parameters
• Functions That Return an Array
• EXAMPLE: Production Graph
• 5.3 PROGRAMMING WITH ARRAYS
• Partially Filled Arrays
• TIP: Do Not Skimp on Formal Parameters
• EXAMPLE: Searching an Array
• EXAMPLE: Sorting an Array
• EXAMPLE: Bubble Sort
• 5.4 MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
• Multidimensional Array Basics
• Multidimensional Array Parameters
• EXAMPLE: Two-Dimensional Grading Program
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 6 Structures and Classes
• 6.1 STRUCTURES
• Structure Types
• PITFALL: Forgetting a Semicolon in a Structure Definition
• Structures as Function Arguments
• TIP: Use Hierarchical Structures
• Initializing Structures
• 6.2 CLASSES
• Defining Classes and Member Functions
• Encapsulation
• Public and Private Members
• Accessor and Mutator Functions
• TIP: Separate Interface and Implementation
• TIP: A Test for Encapsulation
• Structures versus Classes
• TIP: Thinking Objects
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 7 Constructors and Other Tools
• 7.1 CONSTRUCTORS
• Constructor Definitions
• PITFALL: Constructors with No Arguments
• Explicit Constructor Calls
• TIP: Always Include a Default Constructor
• EXAMPLE: BankAccount Class
• Class Type Member Variables
• Member Initializers and Constructor Delegation in C++11
• 7.2 MORE TOOLS
• The const Parameter Modifier
• PITFALL: Inconsistent Use of const
• Inline Functions
• Static Members
• Nested and Local Class Definitions
• 7.3 VECTORS—A PREVIEW OF THE STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY
• Vector Basics
• PITFALL: Using Square Brackets beyond the Vector Size
• TIP: Vector Assignment Is Well Behaved
• Efficiency Issues
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 8 Operator Overloading, Friends, and References
• 8.1 BASIC OPERATOR OVERLOADING
• Overloading Basics
• TIP: A Constructor Can Return an Object
• Returning by const Value
• Overloading Unary Operators
• Overloading as Member Functions
• TIP: A Class Has Access to All Its Objects
• Overloading Function Application ( )
• PITFALL: Overloading &&,||, and the Comma Operator
• 8.2 FRIEND FUNCTIONS AND AUTOMATIC TYPE CONVERSION
• Constructors for Automatic Type Conversion
• PITFALL: Member Operators and Automatic Type Conversion
• Friend Functions
• Friend Classes
• PITFALL: Compilers without Friends
• 8.3 REFERENCES AND MORE OVERLOADED OPERATORS
• References
• TIP: Returning Member Variables of a Class Type
• Overloading >> and <<
• TIP: What Mode of Returned Value to Use
• The Assignment Operator
• Overloading the Increment and Decrement Operators
• Overloading the Array Operator [ ]
• Overloading Based on L-Value versus R-Value
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 9 Strings
• 9.1 AN ARRAY TYPE FOR STRINGS
• C-String Values and C-String Variables
• PITFALL: Using = and == with C-strings
• Other Functions in
• EXAMPLE: Command-Line Arguments
• C-String Input and Output
• 9.2 CHARACTER MANIPULATION TOOLS
• Character I/O
• The Member Functions get and put
• EXAMPLE: Checking Input Using a Newline Function
• PITFALL: Unexpected ‘n’ in Input
• The putback, peek, and ignore Member Functions
• Character-Manipulating Functions
• PITFALL: toupper and tolower Return int Values
• 9.3 THE STANDARD CLASS String
• Introduction to the Standard Class string
• I/O with the Class string
• TIP: More Versions of getline
• String Processing with the Class string
• EXAMPLE: Palindrome Testing
• Converting between string Objects and C-Strings
• Converting between string Objects and Numbers
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 10 Pointers and Dynamic Arrays
• 10.1 POINTERS
• Pointer Variables
• Basic Memory Management
• nullptr
• PITFALL: Dangling Pointers
• Dynamic Variables and Automatic Variables
• TIP: Define Pointer Types
• PITFALL: Pointers as Call-by-Value Parameters
• Uses for Pointers
• 10.2 DYNAMIC ARRAYS
• Array Variables and Pointer Variables
• Creating and Using Dynamic Arrays
• EXAMPLE: A Function That Returns an Array
• Pointer Arithmetic
• Multidimensional Dynamic Arrays
• 10.3 CLASSES, POINTERS, AND DYNAMIC ARRAYS
• The -> Operator
• The this Pointer
• Overloading the Assignment Operator
• EXAMPLE: A Class for Partially Filled Arrays
• Destructors
• Copy Constructors
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 11 Separate Compilation and Namespaces
• 11.1 SEPARATE COMPILATION
• Encapsulation Reviewed
• Header Files and Implementation Files
• EXAMPLE: DigitalTime Class
• TIP: Reusable Components
• Using ifndef
• TIP: Defining Other Libraries
• 11.2 NAMESPACES
• Namespaces and using Directives
• Creating a Namespace
• using Declarations
• Qualifying Names
• TIP: Choosing a Name for a Namespace
• EXAMPLE: A Class Definition in a Namespace
• Unnamed Namespaces
• PITFALL: Confusing the Global Namespace and the Unnamed Namespace
• TIP: Unnamed Namespaces Replace the static Qualifier
• TIP: Hiding Helping Functions
• Nested Namespaces
• TIP: What Namespace Specification Should You Use?
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 12 Streams and File I/O
• 12.1 I/O STREAMS
• File I/O
• PITFALL: Restrictions on Stream Variables
• Appending to a File
• TIP: Another Syntax for Opening a File
• TIP: Check That a File Was Opened Successfully
• Character I/O
• Checking for the End of a File
• 12.2 TOOLS FOR STREAM I/O
• File Names as Input
• Formatting Output with Stream Functions
• Manipulators
• Saving Flag Settings
• More Output Stream Member Functions
• EXAMPLE: Cleaning Up a File Format
• EXAMPLE: Editing a Text File
• 12.3 STREAM HIERARCHIES: A PREVIEW OF INHERITANCE
• Inheritance among Stream Classes
• EXAMPLE: Another newLine Function
• Parsing Strings with the stringstream Class
• 12.4 RANDOM ACCESS TO FILES
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 13 Recursion
• 13.1 RECURSIVE Void FUNCTIONS
• EXAMPLE: Vertical Numbers
• Tracing a Recursive Call
• A Closer Look at Recursion
• PITFALL: Infinite Recursion
• Stacks for Recursion
• PITFALL: Stack Overflow
• Recursion versus Iteration
• 13.2 RECURSIVE FUNCTIONS THAT RETURN A VALUE
• General Form for a Recursive Function That Returns a Value
• EXAMPLE: Another Powers Function
• Mutual Recursion
• 13.3 THINKING RECURSIVELY
• Recursive Design Techniques
• Binary Search
• Coding
• Checking the Recursion
• Efficiency
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 14 Inheritance
• 14.1 INHERITANCE BASICS
• Derived Classes
• Constructors in Derived Classes
• PITFALL: Use of Private Member Variables from the Base Class
• PITFALL: Private Member Functions Are Effectively Not Inherited
• The protected Qualifier
• Redefinition of Member Functions
• Redefining versus Overloading
• Access to a Redefined Base Function
• Functions That Are Not Inherited
• 14.2 PROGRAMMING WITH INHERITANCE
• Assignment Operators and Copy Constructors in Derived Classes
• Destructors in Derived Classes
• EXAMPLE: Partially Filled Array with Backup
• PITFALL: Same Object on Both Sides of the Assignment Operator
• EXAMPLE: Alternate Implementation of PFArrayDBak
• TIP: A Class Has Access to Private Members of All Objects of the Class
• TIP: “Is a” versus “Has a”
• Protected and Private Inheritance
• Multiple Inheritance
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 15 Polymorphism and Virtual Functions
• 15.1 VIRTUAL FUNCTION BASICS
• Late Binding
• Virtual Functions in C++
• Provide Context with C++11’s override Keyword
• Preventing a Virtual Function from Being Overridden
• TIP: The Virtual Property Is Inherited
• TIP: When to Use a Virtual Function
• PITFALL: Omitting the Definition of a Virtual Member Function
• Abstract Classes and Pure Virtual Functions
• EXAMPLE: An Abstract Class
• 15.2 POINTERS AND VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS
• Virtual Functions and Extended Type Compatibility
• PITFALL: The Slicing Problem
• TIP: Make Destructors Virtual
• Downcasting and Upcasting
• How C++ Implements Virtual Functions
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 16 Templates
• 16.1 FUNCTION TEMPLATES
• Syntax for Function Templates
• PITFALL: Compiler Complications
• TIP: How to Define Templates
• EXAMPLE: A Generic Sorting Function
• PITFALL: Using a Template with an Inappropriate Type
• 16.2 CLASS TEMPLATES
• Syntax for Class Templates
• EXAMPLE: An Array Template Class
• The vector and basic_string Templates
• 16.3 TEMPLATES AND INHERITANCE
• EXAMPLE: Template Class For a Partially Filled Array with Backup
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 17 Linked Data Structures
• 17.1 NODES AND LINKED LISTS
• Nodes
• Linked Lists
• Inserting a Node at the Head of a List
• PITFALL: Losing Nodes
• Inserting and Removing Nodes Inside a List
• PITFALL: Using the Assignment Operator with Dynamic Data Structures
• Searching a Linked List
• Doubly Linked Lists
• Adding a Node to a Doubly Linked List
• Deleting a Node from a Doubly Linked List
• EXAMPLE: A Generic Sorting Template Version of Linked List Tools
• 17.2 LINKED LIST APPLICATIONS
• EXAMPLE: A Stack Template Class
• EXAMPLE: A Queue Template Class
• TIP: A Comment on Namespaces
• Friend Classes and Similar Alternatives
• EXAMPLE: Hash Tables With Chaining
• Efficiency of Hash Tables
• EXAMPLE: A Set Template Class
• Efficiency of Sets Using Linked Lists
• 17.3 ITERATORS
• Pointers as Iterators
• Iterator Classes
• EXAMPLE: An Iterator Class
• 17.4 TREES
• Tree Properties
• EXAMPLE: A Tree Template Class
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 18 Exception Handling
• 18.1 EXCEPTION HANDLING BASICS
• A Toy Example of Exception Handling
• Defining Your Own Exception Classes
• Multiple Throws and Catches
• PITFALL: Catch the More Specific Exception First
• TIP: Exception Classes Can Be Trivial
• Throwing an Exception in a Function
• EXAMPLE: Returning the High Score
• Exception Specification
• PITFALL: Exception Specification in Derived Classes
• 18.2 PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES FOR EXCEPTION HANDLING
• When to Throw an Exception
• PITFALL: Uncaught Exceptions
• PITFALL: Nested try-catch Blocks
• PITFALL: Overuse of Exceptions
• Exception Class Hierarchies
• Testing for Available Memory
• Rethrowing an Exception
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Programming Projects
• Chapter 19 Standard Template Library
• 19.1 ITERATORS
• Iterator Basics
• PITFALL: Compiler Problems
• TIP: Use auto to Simplify Variable Declarations
• Kinds of Iterators
• Constant and Mutable Iterators
• Reverse Iterators
• Other Kinds of Iterators
• 19.2 CONTAINERS
• Sequential Containers
• PITFALL: Iterators and Removing Elements
• TIP: Type Definitions in Containers
• The Container Adapters stack and queue
• PITFALL: Underlying Containers
• The Associative Containers set and map
• Efficiency
• TIP: Use Initialization, Ranged for, and auto with Containers
• 19.3 GENERIC ALGORITHMS
• Running Times and Big-O Notation
• Container Access Running Times
• Nonmodifying Sequence Algorithms
• Modifying Sequence Algorithms
• Set Algorithms
• Sorting Algorithms
• Chapter Summary
• Answers to Self-Test Exercises
• Appendix 1 C++ Keywords
• Appendix 2 Precedence of Operators
• Appendix 3 The ASCII Character Set
• Appendix 4 Some Library Functions
• Appendix 5 Old and New Header Files
• Appendix 6 Additional C++11 Language Features
• Index
• A
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• E
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