Efnisyfirlit

• Preface
• CHAPTER 1. HISTORICAL SETTING
• THE PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD
• Achaemenid Rule, ca. 550-331 B.C.
• Alexander and Greek Rule, 330-ca. 150 B.C.
• Central Asian and Sassanian Rule, ca. 150 B.C.-700 A.D.
• ISLAMIC CONQUEST
• Ghaznavid and Ghorid Rule
• Mongol Rule, 1220-1506
• Mughal-Safavid Rivalry, ca. 1500-1747
• AHMAD SHAH AND THE DURRANI EMPIRE
• THE GREAT GAME
• The Rise of Dost Mohammad
• The First Anglo-Afghan War
• The Second Anglo-Afghan War
• ABDUR RAHMAN KHAN, “THE IRON AMIR,” 1880-1901
• Consolidation of the Modern State
• Modernization and Development of Institutions
• THE REIGN OF KING HABIBULLAH, 1901-1919
• THE REIGN OF KING AMANULLAH, 1919-29
• Third Anglo-Afghan War and Independence
• Reform, Popular Reaction, and Forced Abdication
• TAJIK RULE, JANUARY-OCTOBER 1929
• MUHAMMAD NADIR SHAH, 1929-33
• MOHAMMAD ZAHIR SHAH, 1933-73
• Zahir Shah and His Uncles, 1933-53
• The Pashtunistan Issue
• Early Links with the Soviet Union
• Experiment with Liberalized Politics
• Daoud as Prime Minister, 1953-63
• The King Reigns: The Last Decade of the Monarchy, 1963-73
• DAOUD’S REPUBLIC, JULY 1973- APRIL 1978
• COMMUNISM, REBELLION, AND SOVIET INTERVENTION
• CHAPTER 2. THE SOCIETY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT
• THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
• Mountains
• Rivers
• Regions
• Climate
• POPULATION
• SOCIAL STRUCTURE
• Ethnic Groups
• Pashtun
• Tajik
• Hazara
• Uzbek
• Turkmen
• Other Groups
• Aimaq
• Arab
• Kirghiz
• Wakhi
• Farsiwan
• Nuristani
• Baluch
• Brahui
• Qizilbash
• Kabuli
• Jat
• Non-Muslims
• Interethnic Relations
• Tribes
• MODES OF SUBSISTENCE
• Pastoralism
• Mixed Subsistence Patterns
• FAMILY
• GENDER ROLES
• RELIGION
• Early Development of Islam
• Sunni and Shia Islam
• Sufism
• Tenets of Islam
• Islamic Expression in Afghanistan
• Sunnis of the Hanafi School
• Ithna Ashariya (Twelver or Imami) Shia
• Ismailis
• Sufis
• Meaning and Practice
• Politicized Islam
• EDUCATION
• Literacy
• Administrative Structure
• Enrollment
• Curriculum
• Teacher Training
• Higher Education
• Adult Literacy
• Current Activities
• HEALTH
• REFUGEES AND REPATRIATION
• WARFARE AND CIVIC CULTURE
• CHAPTER 4. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
• THE ATTEMPT TO MODERNIZE: 1953-73
• The Decision to Accept Soviet Economic and Military Assistance
• The Constitutional Period, 1964-73
• Disenchantment with the Reforms
• The Shafiq Government: A Last Attempt at Reform
• DAUD’S REPUBLIC: 1973-78
• USURPATION, INVASION AND WAR: 1978-92
• The April 1978 Coup d’etat and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
• Soviet Control and Marxist Government, 1980-89
• Government Organization
• The Search for Popular Support
• Internal Refugees: Flight to the Cities
• Factionalism
• Najibullah’s Leadership, 1986-92
• The Soviet Decision to Withdraw, 1986-88
• The Geneva Accords, 1987-89
• The Failure to Bring Peace
• Pakistan’s Attempt at a Political Solution, 1987-88
• Stalemate: The Civil War, 1989-92
• THE AFGHAN RESISTANCE
• Its Social Basis, A Segmented Society
• The Role of Islam
• The Path to Victory and Chaos: 1979-92
• The Islamist Factor
• The Mujahidin Parties
• Emergence of Modern Islamic Thought in Afghanistan
• The Islamic Youth Movement
• Pakistan’s Support of Afghan Islamists, 1975-79
• Khalis and the Moderate Parties
• Abdul Rasul Sayyaf
• Disinterest in Unity
• The Controversy Over Weapons Distribution
• The Ghilzai Factor
• Expatriate Misperceptions
• Pakistan’s Policies and Misperceptions
• Internecine Violence
• The Council of Commanders, 1990-92
• Neighboring Governments: Involvements and Interference
• Pakistan
• Saudi Arabia
• Iran
• MUJAHIDIN VICTORY: THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN
• The Demise of the Soviet Union, 1991
• The Fall of Kabul, April 1992
• The United Nations Plan for Political Accommodation
• The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Since 1992
• The Peshawar Accord, April 25, 1992
• The Struggle for Kabul
• Mujahidin Attempts to Govern, 1992-95
• The Islamabad and Jalalabad Accords, March-April 1993
• 1995: A Changed Situation
• AFGHANISTAN’S PROSPECTS