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• Cover
• Dedication
• Title page
• Copyright page
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• 1: CHILDHOOD WITHIN ANTHROPOLOGY
• Introduction
• Children: The First Primitives
• Culture and Personality
• Cross-Cultural Studies of Child-Rearing
• Children in British Anthropology
• The Gendered Child
• Child-Centered Anthropology
• Conclusion
• 2: WHAT IS A CHILD?
• Introduction
• Childhood as a Modern Idea: The Influence of Philippe Ariès
• Conceptualizations of Childhood
• Children as Incompetent or Subordinate
• Children as Equals
• Children as a Means of Forming Families and Giving Status
• Children as an Economic Investment
• Unwanted and Nonhuman Children
• Conclusion
• 3: THE BEGINNING OF CHILDHOOD
• Introduction
• Fetuses
• Spirit Children
• Reincarnation
• Anomalies
• Conclusion
• 4: FAMILY, FRIENDS, AND PEERS
• Introduction
• The Role of Parents
• Adoption and Fosterage
• Children outside the Family
• Siblings
• Friends and Peer Groups
• Conclusion
• 5: TALKING, PLAYING, AND WORKING
• Introduction
• Learning Language
• Children and Play
• Work or Play?
• Conclusion
• 6: DISCIPLINE, PUNISHMENT, AND ABUSE
• Introduction
• Discipline and Punishment in the Western Tradition
• Physical Punishment
• Alternatives to Physical Punishment
• Who Can Punish Children?
• Child Abuse
• Conclusion
• 7: CHILDREN AND SEXUALITY
• Introduction
• Anthropology, Sexuality, and Childhood
• Children and Sex: The Influence of Freud
• Incest and Abuse
• Ethnographies of Children and Sexuality
• Child Prostitution
• Conclusion
• 8: ADOLESCENCE AND INITIATION
• Introduction
• What is Adolescence?
• Adolescence and Globalization
• Initiation
• Initiation: A Psychological Approach
• Initiation and Education
• Initiation and Gender
• Initiation: The End of Childhood?
• Conclusion
• CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• INDEX